gregoryblog

2006-02-15T04:52:00.000-08:00

Arthur-Penty

Arthur Joseph Penty (1875 �1937) was a British architect, and writer on Guild socialism and distributism. He was first a Fabian socialist, and follower of Victorian thinkers William Morris and John Ruskin. He is generally credited with the formulation of a Christian socialist form of the medieval guild, as an alternative basis for economic life. Around 1900, working in his fathers architects practice in Leeds, he met A. R. Orage, with Holbrook Jackson they founded the Leeds Arts Club. All three moved to London in 1905 and 1906, Penty in fact led the way, and Orage lodged with him in his first attempts to live by writing. For a time, from 1906, Pentys ideas were widely influential. Orage, as editor of The New Age, was a convert to guild socialism. After World War I guild socialism dropped back as a factor in the thinking of the British Labour movement, in general, the idea of post-industrialism, on which Penty wrote, attributing the term to A. K. Coomaraswamy, receded in importance in the face of the economic conditions. Several of Pentys books were translated into German in the early 1920s. Penty was an acknowledged influence of the Spanish writer Ramiro de Maeztu Whitney (1875-1936).

Penty the distributist

The somewhat complex British development of distributism emerged as a conjuncture of ideas of Penty, Hilaire Belloc and the Chestertons Cecil Chesterton and G. K. Chesterton. It reflected in part a first split from the Fabian socialists of the whole New Age group, in the form of the Fabian Arts Group of 1907. Orage was a believer in Guild socialism for a period. After C. H. Douglas met Orage in 1918, and Orage invented the term Social Credit for the Douglas theories, there was in effect a further split into left (Social Crediters) and right (distributist) thinkers. This is, though, fairly misleading as a classification, it was also to some extent a split between theosophist and Catholic camps. Penty went with the distributists. Distributism in the 1920s took its own direction, as Belloc wrote his version of it in the period 1920 to 1925 and connected it with his political theories. The British Labour Party declared against Social Credit in 1922. Gradually, although G. K. Chesterton supported the General Strike of 1926, distributism found itself on the right wing. Alignments with the British ruralist writers, such as H. J. Massingham, approximate equivalents of American agrarians, brought it into contact with a number of far right believers. In this context Penty wrote his 1937 Distributism: A Manifesto, the year after the death of Chesterton.

Works

The Restoration of the Gild System (1906)
Essays on Post-Industrialism (1914) edited with Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy
Old Worlds for New (1917)
Guilds and the Social Crisis (1919)
The Guild Alternative
A Guildsmans Interpretation of History (1919)
Post Industrialism (1922)
Gilden, Gewerbe und Landwirtschaft (1922)Aus dem Englischen �bersetzt von Otto Eccius.
Towards a Christian Sociology (1923),
Agriculture and the unemployed (1925) with William Wright
The Elements of Domestic Design (1930)
Means and Ends (1932).
Communism and the Alternative (1933)
Distributism: A Manifesto (1937)
The Gauntlet: A Challenge to the Myth of Progress (2002) collection, introduction by Peter Chojnowski,
Distributist Perspectives: Volume 1 - Essays on the Economics of Justice and Charity (2004) with others

2006-02-14T16:51:00.000-08:00

McHenry-County,-North-Dakota

McHenry County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of 2000, the population is 5,987. Its county seat is Towner, North DakotaGeographic references.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 4,951 square kilometer (1,912 square mile). 4,854 km� (1,874 mi�) of it is land and 97 km� (38 mi�) of it is water. The total area is 1.97% water.

Demographics

As of the censusGeographic references 2 of 2000, there are 5,987 people, 2,526 households, and 1,699 families residing in the county. The population density is 1/km� (3/mi�). There are 2,983 housing units at an average density of 1/km� (2/mi�). The racial makeup of the county is 98.73% Race (U.S. census), 0.08% Race (U.S. census) or Race (U.S. census), 0.40% Race (U.S. census), 0.03% Race (U.S. census), 0.00% Race (U.S. census), 0.05% from race (U.S. census), and 0.70% from two or more races. 0.40% of the population are Race (U.S. census) or Race (U.S. census) of any race. There are 2,526 households out of which 28.30% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.20% are Marriage living together, 5.60% have a female householder with no husband present, and 32.70% are non-families. 29.80% of all households are made up of individuals and 15.40% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.35 and the average family size is 2.92. In the county the population is spread out with 24.00% under the age of 18, 5.90% from 18 to 24, 23.30% from 25 to 44, 25.10% from 45 to 64, and 21.80% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 43 years. For every 100 females there are 103.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 101.00 males. The median income for a household in the county is $27,274, and the median income for a family is $35,676. Males have a median income of $25,740 versus $18,505 for females. The per capita income for the county is $15,140. 15.80% of the population and 12.00% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 18.50% of those under the age of 18 and 16.80% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Cities and towns

Anamoose, North Dakota
Balfour, North Dakota
Bantry, North Dakota
Bergen, North Dakota
Deering, North Dakota
Drake, North Dakota
Granville, North Dakota
Karlsruhe, North Dakota
Kief, North Dakota
Towner, North Dakota
Upham, North Dakota
Velva, North Dakota
Voltaire, North Dakota NorthDakota

2006-02-14T04:52:00.000-08:00

Burlington,-Michigan

Burlington is a village located in Calhoun County, Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 405.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.9 square kilometer (0.7 square mile). 1.9 km� (0.7 mi�) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.

Demographics

As of the censusGeographic references 2 of 2000, there are 405 people, 142 households, and 115 families residing in the village. The population density is 211.3/km� (549.3/mi�). There are 157 housing units at an average density of 81.9/km� (212.9/mi�). The racial makeup of the village is 96.79% White (U.S. Census), 0.00% African American (U.S. Census), 0.74% Native American (U.S. Census), 0.74% Asian (U.S. Census), 0.00% Pacific Islander (U.S. Census), 0.74% from Race (U.S. Census), and 0.99% from two or more races. 0.74% of the population are Hispanic (U.S. Census) or Latino (U.S. Census) of any race. There are 142 households out of which 35.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.4% are Marriage living together, 12.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 19.0% are non-families. 16.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 6.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.85 and the average family size is 3.13. In the village the population is spread out with 28.4% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 31.4% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 101.4 males. The median income for a household in the village is $32,857, and the median income for a family is $35,750. Males have a median income of $30,938 versus $23,750 for females. The per capita income for the village is $23,240. 15.2% of the population and 10.4% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 30.1% of those under the age of 18 and 12.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

2006-02-13T16:51:00.000-08:00

List-of-Swedes

This is a list of well known Swedes (and Finland-Swedes), ordered alphabetically within categories: For your consideration This is intended as a general list for the most well known Swedes, already having (or deserving) their own articles on. This means that individuals that, though they may have their own articles will not necessarily fit on the general list. The first place to look for the entry of a name is many times found in a sub lists. Some notable individuals may not fit any of the given categories any may be placed under other notables. Also: Please consider writing the article bio before adding an empty link to the list. > swedes

Actors

List of Swedish actors
Ann-Margret, entertainer
Ingrid Bergman, (1915-1982), actress
May Britt, (born 1933), actress
Anita Ekberg, actress
G�sta Ekman, (1920-1971), actor
Greta Garbo, (1905-1990), actress
Warner Oland (1879-1938)
Peter Stormare, actor
Stellan Skarsg�rd, actor
Max von Sydow, (born 1929), actor

Artists

List of Swedish artists
Ernst Josephson, (1851-1906)
Carl Larsson, (1859-1928), painter
Bruno Andreas Liljefors, (1860-1939), painter
Carl Milles, (1875-1955), Swedish sculptor
Alexander Roslin, (1718-1798), painter
Johan Tobias Sergel, (1740-1814), sculptor
Anders Zorn, (1860-1920), Swedish painter
Ingmar Bergman, (born 1918), film director

Clergymen

List of Swedish clergymen
Mikael Agricola, bishop and reformer
Laurentius Petri, archbishop and reformer
Olaus Petri, reformer
Nathan S�derblom, archbishop and Nobel Peace Prize laureate
Erik Trolle, bishop and statesman
Kettil Karlsson Vasa, bishop and statesman
Saint Birgitta, (1303-1373), patron saint of Europe
Emanuel Swedenborg, (1688-1772), writer, mystic and philosopher

Diplomats

List of Swedish diplomats
Folke Bernadotte, (1895-1948), count and diplomat
Hans Blix, (born 1928), diplomat
Rolf Ek�us, diplomat
Dag Hammarskj�ld, (1905-1961), secretary general of the UN
Raoul Wallenberg, (1912-????), diplomat

Entrepreneurs

List of Swedish entrepreneurs
Gustaf Dal�n, (1869-1937), inventor and entrepreneur
Lars Magnus Ericsson, (1846-1926), industrialist and founder of Ericsson
John Ericsson, (1803-1889), inventor and engineer
Nils Ericson, (1802-1860), railroad pioneer
Ingvar Kamprad, (born 1926), founder of IKEA
Ivar Kreuger, (1880-1932), industrialist and financier
Gustav de Laval, (1845-1913), industrialist
Alfred Nobel, (1833-1896), industrialist, instituted the Nobel Prizes

Film Directors

Ingmar Bergman
Lasse Hallstr�m
Oscar A.C. Lund
Lukas Moodysson
Alf Sj�berg
Vilgot Sj�man
Victor Sj�str�m (Victor Seastrom)
Mauritz Stiller
Bo Widerberg

Military commanders

List of Swedish military commanders
Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, (1757-1814) soldier
Per Brahe, (1602-1680), soldier and politician
Johan Ban�r, (1596-1641), soldier
Georg Carl von D�beln (1758-1820), soldier
Jacob Magnus Sprengtporten, (1727-1786), soldier and politician
Lennart Torstenson, (1603-1651), Field Marshal
Carl Gustaf Wrangel, (1613-1676), Field Marshal

Monarchs

List of Swedish monarchs
Carl XVI Gustav of Sweden, (born 1946), current
Charles XI of Sweden, (1655-1697)
Charles XII of Sweden, (1682-1718)
Christina of Sweden
Gustav II Adolph of Sweden (Gustav the Great) (1594-1632)
Gustav I of Sweden, (1496-1560)
Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, (born 1977), heir apparent

Music

List of Swedes in music
ABBA, undisputed most famous Swedish music group of all time
Ace of Base, band
Mikael �kerfeldt, lead singer of Opeth
Stikkan Anderson, (1931-1997), producer
Hugo Alfv�n, composer
Benny Andersson, musician/composer
Kurt Atterberg, composer
Carl Michael Bellman, (1740-1795), singer-songwriter
Wilhelm Peterson Berger, composer
Europe (band), band
Agnetha F�ltskog, (born 1950) lead singer from ABBA
Per Gessle, musician/composer solo and Roxette
Bo Hansson, musician
Jakob Hellman, pop singer
The Hives, band
Jenny Lind, singer
Christian Lindberg, musician
Anni-Frid Lyngstad, lead singer from ABBA
Dag Wolle, composer
Yngwie J. Malmsteen, regarded by many as the worlds most accomplished guitarist
Birgit Nilsson, singer
Christina Nilsson, (1843-1921), singer
John Norum, guitarist (but originally from Vardo Norway
Ann-Sofie von Otter, (born 1955), singer
Povel Ramel, (born 1922). singer
Robyn Carlsson, singer-songwriter
Johan Helmich Roman, the father of Swedish music
Roxette, duo
Wilhelm Stenhammar, composer
Evert Taube, singer-songwriter
Bj�rn Ulvaeus, musician/composer
Cornelis Vreeswijk, singer-songwriter, Considered Swedish, although he never recived a Swedish citizenship.

Politicians

List of Swedish politicians
Carl Bildt, former prime minister
Gustav Bonde, (1620-1667), statesman
Ingvar Carlsson, (born 1934), former prime minister
Tage Erlander, former prime minister
Axel von Fersen, (1755-1810), statesman
Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, (1622-1686), statesman
Louis De Geer, (1818-1896), former prime minister
Arvid Horn, (1664-1742), statesman
Anna Lindh, (1957-2003), foreign minister
Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, (1867-1951), military leader and President of Finland 1944-1946
Alva Myrdal, (1902-1986), politician, agitator
Axel Oxenstierna, (1583-1654), politician
Olof Palme, (1927-1986), former prime minister (assassinated)
G�ran Persson current Prime Minister of Sweden
Fredrik Reinfeldt, (born 1965), leader of Moderata samlingspartiet
Sten Sture the elder, (1470-1497 and 1501-1503), statesman
Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, (1861-1944), President of Finland 1931-1937

Science

List of Swedish scientists
Johann Arfvedson, (1792-1841), chemist
J�ns Jacob Berzelius, (1779-1848), chemist
Arvid Carlsson, (1923-), neuroscientist, winner of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology
Anders Celsius, (1701-1744), astronomer
Carolus Linnaeus, (1707-1778), botanist
Christopher Polhem, physicist
Olaus Rudbeckius, (1630-1702), medicine
Carl Wilhelm Scheele, (1742-1786), chemist
Anders Jonas �ngstr�m, (1857-1910), physicist

Sports

List of Swedes in sports
Markus N�slund (1973-) - ice hockey player
Bj�rn Borg (1956-) - tennis player
Kenny Br�ck - Indy Racing League driver
Carolina Kl�ft (1983-) - athletics
Stefan Edberg (1966-) - tennis player
Sven-G�ran Eriksson (1948-) - Football (soccer) coach
Magdalena Forsberg (1965-) - biathlon
Peter Forsberg (1973-) - ice hockey player
Gillis Grafstr�m (1893-1938) - figure skating Olympic and World Champion
Anders Graneheim (1962-) - bodybuilder
Tomas Gustafson - speed skater Olympic Gold and Silver medalist
Toini Gustafsson - cross country skiing Olympic Gold and Silver medalist
Zlatan Ibrahimovic (1981-) - football (soccer)er
Ingemar Johansson (1932-) - World Heavyweight Boxing Champion
Henrik Larsson (1971-) - football (soccer)er
Fredrik Ljungberg (1977-) - football (soccer)er
Hanna Ljungberg (1979-) - football (soccer)er
Mikael Ljungberg (1970-2004) Sport wrestling
Gunnar Nordahl - football (soccer)er
Magnus Norman tennis player
Jesper Parnevik - golfer
Tony Rickardsson - speedway motor racer
Ingemar Stenmark (1956-) - alpine skiing
Mats Sundin (1971-) - ice hockey player
Gunde Svan (1962-) - cross country skiing
Annika S�renstam (1970-) - golfer
Jan-Ove Waldner (1965-) - table tennis player
Thomas Wassberg - Cross country skier Olympic and World Champion
Pernilla Wiberg (1970-) - alpine skiing
Magnus Wislander - Handball player voted World player of the Century 1999

Writers

List of Swedish language writers
Frans G. Bengtsson, (1894-1954), novelist
Karin Boye, (1900-1941), poet and novelist
Fredrika Bremer, (1801-1865), writer
Stig Dagerman, (1923-1954), writer
Gunnar Ekel�f, (1907-1968), poet
Nils Ferlin, (1898-1961), poet.
Gustaf Fr�ding, (1860-1911), poet
Verner von Heidenstam, (1859-1940), writer
Erik Axel Karlfeldt, (1864-1931), poet and Nobel Prize in Literature laureate
Tove Jansson, (1914-2001), Finland-Swedish writer
Eyvind Johnson, (1900-1976), novelist and Nobel Prize in Literature laureate
P�r Lagerkvist, (1891-1974), writer
Selma Lagerl�f, (1858-1940), novelist and Nobel Prize in Literature laureate
Astrid Lindgren, (1907-2002), childrens author
Elias L�nnrot, (1802-1884), author of the Kalevala, the Finnish national epic
Harry Martinson, (1904-1978), poet and Nobel Prize in Literature laureate
Vilhelm Moberg, (1898-1973), novelist
Per Nilsson, (1953-)
Peter Pohl, (1940-)
Johan Ludvig Runeberg, (1804-1877), Finland-Swedish writer
August Strindberg, (1849-1912), novelist and playwright
Hjalmar S�derberg, (1868-1941), novelist and playwright
Edith S�dergran, (1892-1923), Finland-Swedish poet
Esaias Tegn�r,(1782-1846), writer
Zacharias Topelius, (1818-1898), national-romantic writer popular in Sweden and his native Finland

Other notables

Elsa Br�ndstr�m (1888-1948), The Angel of Siberia
Horace Engdahl (1948-), secretary of the Swedish Academy
Lars Johan Hierta (1801-1872), publicist
Sven Hedin (1865-1952), explorer
Marcus Samuelsson (1970-), chef
Linus Torvalds, (1969-), programmer and initiator of Linux
Bengt Wedholm, chef, introduced the pizza in Scandinavia
Edvard Westermarck, (1862-1939), philosopher
Georg Henrik von Wright, (1916-2003), philosopher

2006-02-13T04:51:00.000-08:00

Suitable-for-Framing

Suitable for Framing
Album by Three Dog Night
Released 1969
Recorded Musical genre music Pop/Rock music
Length Minute 08 Second
Record label Records Dunhill
Record producer Mekler
Professional reviews
All Music Guide link
Three Dog Night Chronology - Three Dog Night (album)
(1969) Suitable for Framing
(1969) Captured Live at the Forum
(1969) Suitable for Framing is the second album by United States rock music band Three Dog Night, released in 1969 (see 1969 in music).

Track listing

Feelin Alright (Hutton, Negron, Wells) - 3:39 Lady Samantha (Elton John, Bernie Taupin) - 2:53 Dreaming Isnt Good for You (Hutton) - 2:16 A Change Is Gonna Come (Sam Cooke) - 3:10 Elis Coming (Wells) - 2:41 Easy to Be Hard (Negron) - 3:11 Aint That a Lotta Love (Wells) - 2:16 King Solomons Mines (Sneed, Three Dog Night) - 2:29 Circle for a Landing (Hutton) - 2:20 Celebrate (Hutton, Negron, Wells) - 3:13

Personnel

Mike Allsup - guitar
Jimmy Greenspoon - keyboard instrument
Danny Hutton - vocals
Chuck Negron - vocals
Joe Schermie - bass guitar
Floyd Sneed - bass, drums
Cory Wells - vocals

Production

Producer: Gabriel Mekler
Engineer: Bill Cooper, Richard Podolor
Art direction: Wayne Kimbell
Photography: Ed Caraeff

Charts

Album - Billboard magazine (North America) Year Chart Position
1969 Pop Albums 16
Singles - Billboard (North America) Year Single Chart Position
1970 Celebrate Pop Singles 15

2006-02-12T16:54:00.000-08:00

Independent-International-Commission-on-Decommissioning

The Independent International Commission on Decommissioning (IICoD) was established to oversee the decommissioning of paramilitary weapons in Northern Ireland, as part of the Northern Ireland peace process. The International Body, set up during the ceasefires to report on how decommissioning might be achieved, presented its report on 22nd January 1996. This recommended that the decommissioning process should take place to the satisfaction of an independent commission. The Decommissioning Act, 1997 in Ireland and the Northern Ireland Arms Decommissioning Act 1997 in the United Kingdom enabled such a body, which was then set up in an agreement between the British and Irish governments on 26 August 1997. The Commission was made up of:
General John de Chastelain, the Chairman, from Canada
Brigadier Tauno Nieminen, from Finland, and
Andrew D. Sens, from the United States Its objective was to facilitate the decommissioning of firearms, ammunition, explosives and explosives, by:
consulting with the two governments, the participants in the ongoing negotiations in Northern Ireland, and other relevant groups,
devising and presenting to the governments a set of proposals on how to achieve decommissioning,
facilitating the process by observing, monitoring and verifying decommissioning, and receiving and auditing arms, and
reporting periodically on progress. In the Belfast Agreement the participants: reaffirmed their commitment to the total disarmament of all paramilitary organisations, and confirmed their intention to continue to work constructively and in good faith with the Independent Commission, and to use any influence they may have, to achieve the decommissioning of all paramilitary arms within two years following endorsement in referendums North and South of the agreement and in the context of the implementation of the overall settlement. In the event, progress on decommissioning was disappointingly slow, and the two-year target was not met.

2006-02-12T04:52:00.000-08:00

Berger,-Missouri

Berger is a city located in Franklin County, Missouri. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 206. Berger is home to a well-known microbrewery, Gruhlks Microbrewery.

Geography

Berger is located at 38�4029 North, 91�2017 West (38.674677, -91.338166) GR 1. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.8 square kilometer (0.3 square mile). 0.8 km� (0.3 mi�) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.

Demographics

As of the census GR 2 of 2000, there are 206 people, 85 households, and 56 families residing in the city. The population density is 265.1/km� (686.7/mi�). There are 100 housing units at an average density of 128.7/km� (333.4/mi�). The racial makeup of the city is 97.57% White (U.S. Census), 0.49% African American (U.S. Census), 0.00% Native American (U.S. Census), 0.49% Asian (U.S. Census), 0.00% Pacific Islander (U.S. Census), 0.00% from Race (U.S. Census), and 1.46% from two or more races. 0.00% of the population are Hispanic (U.S. Census) or Latino (U.S. Census) of any race. There are 85 households out of which 25.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.3% are Marriage living together, 9.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 34.1% are non-families. 31.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 18.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.42 and the average family size is 3.09. In the city the population is spread out with 25.7% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 24.8% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 18.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 41 years. For every 100 females there are 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 91.3 males. The median income for a household in the city is $32,083, and the median income for a family is $42,188. Males have a median income of $31,406 versus $21,667 for females. The per capita income for the city is $18,460. 5.8% of the population and 3.5% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 0.0% of those under the age of 18 and 17.4% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

2006-02-11T16:51:00.000-08:00

1917-in-rail-transport

Year in rail transport prev 1916 curr 1917 next 1918 decade 1910

Events

March events

March 12 - The Pere Marquette Railroad is reincorporated as the Pere Marquette Railway.

December events

December 28 - The United States federal government takes control of American railroads under the United States Railroad Administration for World War I.

Unknown date events

The Tanana Valley Railroad in Fairbanks, Alaska (a predecessor of the Alaska Railroad) enters receivership.
The Arcade and Attica Railroad is incorporated.
Construction is completed on the Trans-Siberian Railway.
The longest cantilever bridge in the world, Canadian National Railways bridge across the St. Lawrence River at Quebec City, opens for rail traffic.

Births

Deaths

References

Middleton, William D., (February 2002), Quebec lights up its big bridge, Trains Magazine, p. 16-17.

2006-02-11T04:51:00.000-08:00

Eastern-Freshwater-Cod



Regnum	Animalia
Phylum	Chordate
Classis	Actinopterygii
Ordo	Perciformes
Familia	Percichthyidae
Genus	Maccullochella
Species	ikei

Maccullochella ikei The Eastern Freshwater Cod (Maccullochella ikei) is a freshwater fish belonging to the family Percichthyidae, it is not a true cod. The Eastern Freshwater Cod is native to the Clarence River and Richmond Rivers and their tributaries in north-eastern Australia. It is similar in appearance to Murray Cod M. peelii. They are generally a yellow green to golden colour, with a speckled pattern of black to very dark green spots. Eastern cod have been recorded to 41kg. Eastern freshwater cod are often found in clear, flowing streams with rocky beds and deep holes. They are sexually mature at 4 or 5 years old. They are territory (animal) and aggressive. The Eastern cod is known to prey upon other fishes, frogs, crustaceans and snakes. A long-lived, slow-growing species,its population is seriously threatened by overfishing and unfavorable environmental factors. Native populations are now considered extinct in Richmond River. An aggressive restocking programme is now undertaken by the government of New South Wales. The species is now totally protected.

2006-02-10T16:50:00.000-08:00

Milan,-Ohio

Milan is a village located in Erie County, Ohio and Huron County, Ohio counties in Ohio. As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 1,445.

History and Culture

Milan was the birthplace of inventor and businessman Thomas A. Edison, and there is a small local museum dedicated to Edisons early life and works. Melon farming prospers in the area due to sandy, fertile soil, and Milan hosts the Milan Melon Festival annually on Labor Day weekend. Milan shares its school system with nearby Berlin Heights, Ohio, the combined school district is known as the Edison Schools, and the high school teams are the Edison Chargers. Although many residents commute to other cities for employment, the general culture of the area is decidedly rural and agricultural.

Geography

Milan is located at 41�1736 North, 82�365 West (41.293278, -82.601323) GR 1. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 3.0 square kilometer (1.2 square mile). None of the area is covered with water. The Huron River (Ohio) flows just north of the village square.

Demographics

As of the census GR 2 of 2000, there are 1,445 people, 540 households, and 406 families residing in the village. The population density is 476.9/km� (1,229.9/mi�). There are 574 housing units at an average density of 189.4/km� (488.6/mi�). The racial makeup of the village is 98.13% White (U.S. Census), 0.55% African American (U.S. Census), 0.21% Native American (U.S. Census), 0.35% Asian (U.S. Census), 0.00% Pacific Islander (U.S. Census), 0.28% from Race (U.S. Census), and 0.48% from two or more races. 0.90% of the population are Hispanic (U.S. Census) or Latino (U.S. Census) of any race. There are 540 households out of which 33.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.2% are Marriage living together, 10.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 24.8% are non-families. 22.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.55 and the average family size is 2.98. In the village the population is spread out with 24.9% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 25.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 41 years. For every 100 females there are 92.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 86.1 males. The median income for a household in the village is $51,204, and the median income for a family is $57,986. Males have a median income of $42,426 versus $26,027 for females. The per capita income for the village is $23,143. 4.6% of the population and 3.20% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 7.0% of those under the age of 18 and 3.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

2006-02-10T04:51:00.000-08:00

Cuyamaca,-California

Cuyamaca is a region of eastern San Diego County. It lies east of the Capitan-Grande Indian Reservation in the western Laguna Mountains, north of Descanso, California and south of Julian, California. Originally a Mexican land grant the region is now dominated by the 26,000 acre (105 km�) Cuyamaca Rancho State Park. Within the park is the prominent Cuyamaca Mountain, the second-highest mountain in San Diego County at 6,512 feet (1,985 m). In 1889 Cuyamaca Dam was completed creating Cuyamaca Reservoir. The village of Cuyamaca consists of approximately 145 homes on a hill west of the reservoir. The name is a Spain corruption of the Kumeyaay phrase Ah-Ha Kwe-Ah Mac, which approximately means the place where it rains. Cuyamaca is a popular toponym (place name) lending its name to streets, businesses and a community college in the San Diego, California area. On October 27, 2003 most of the Cuyamaca region was destroyed by the Cedar Fire. 25,000 acres (101 km�) in the state park and 120 homes in the village of Cuyamaca were burned.

2006-02-09T16:51:00.000-08:00

Naples,-Florida

Naples is a city located in Collier County, Florida. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 20,976.

Geography

Naples is located at 26�911 North, 81�4755 West (26.152941, -81.798510) GR 1 on U.S. Highway 41 between Miami, Florida (to the east) and Sarasota, Florida (to the north). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 37.3 square kilometer (14.4 square mile). 31.2 km� (12.0 mi�) of it is land and 6.2 km� (2.4 mi�) of it is water. The total area is 16.53% water.

Area Attractions

North of Naples off Interstate 75 (Exit 17 or 111) is the Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary. The city is served by Naples Municipal Airport for domestic-only flights, the nearby Southwest Florida International Airport, however, handles the bulk of traffic in and out of the region.

Demographics

As of the census GR 2 of 2000, there are 20,976 people, 10,803 households, and 6,568 families residing in the city. The population density is 673.2/km� (1,744.3/mi�). There are 16,956 housing units at an average density of 544.2/km� (1,410.0/mi�). The racial makeup of the city is 92.50% White (U.S. Census), 4.65% African American (U.S. Census), 0.12% Native American (U.S. Census), 0.33% Asian (U.S. Census), 0.02% Pacific Islander (U.S. Census), 0.30% from Race (U.S. Census), and 2.07% from two or more races. 2.23% of the population are Hispanic (U.S. Census) or Latino (U.S. Census) of any race. There are 10,803 households out of which 10.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% are Marriage living together, 5.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 39.2% are non-families. 34.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 20.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 1.92 and the average family size is 2.38. In the city the population is spread out with 10.9% under the age of 18, 2.3% from 18 to 24, 14.5% from 25 to 44, 30.0% from 45 to 64, and 42.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 61 years. For every 100 females there are 86.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 83.9 males. The median income for a household in the city is $65,641, and the median income for a family is $83,831. Males have a median income of $50,092 versus $30,948 for females. The per capita income for the city is $61,141. 5.9% of the population and 3.1% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 15.1% of those under the age of 18 and 3.3% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

2006-02-09T04:55:00.000-08:00

Adrenergic-receptor

The adrenergic receptors (or adrenoceptors) are a class of G-protein coupled receptors that is the target of catecholamines. Adrenergic Receptor (biochemistry)s specifically bind their endogenous ligands, the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline (also called epinephrine and norepinephrine) and are activated by these. Many cells possess these receptors, and the binding of an agonist will generally cause the cell to respond in a flight-fight manner. For instance, the heart will start beating quicker and the pupils will dilate.

Sub-types of adrenergic receptors

There are several types of adrenergic receptors, but there are five main groups:

Alpha-1 receptors

In blood vessels these cause vasoconstriction. Blood vessels with alpha-1 receptors are present in the skin and the gastrointestinal system, and during the flight-or-fight response there is decreased blood flow to these organs. This is the reason people can appear pale when theyve been frightened.

Alpha-2 receptors

When an agonist binds to an ₂receptor, cyclic AMP levels within the cell decrease. These are found on pre-synapse nerve terminals.

Beta-1 receptors

These are present in heart tissue, and cause an increased heart rate by acting on the cardiac pacemaker cells. Many beta-blockers used for treatment of angina will mainly affect these receptors and the beta-2 receptors to a lesser extent. These are referred to as cardio-selective beta-blockers.

Beta-2 receptors

These are in the vessels of skeletal muscle, and cause vasodilation, which allows more blood to flow to the muscles, and reduces total peripheral resistance. These tend to work with adrenaline (epinephrine), but not noradrenaline (norepinephrine). Beta-2 receptors are also in bronchial smooth muscle, and cause bronchodilation when activated. Some asthma medications, such as the bronchodilator salbutamol (Ventolin) work by binding to and stimulatinng the ₂ receptors. Non-selective beta-blocking drugs, such as propranolol (Inderal), can represent a risk to people with asthma by blocking the beta-2 receptors, causing bronchoconstriction.

Beta-3 receptors

Beta-3 receptors are present in adipose tissue and are thought to have a role in the regulation of lipid metabolism.

2006-02-08T16:52:00.000-08:00

Phalaenopsis

Taxobox-begin color lightgreen name Phalaenopsis Taxobox-image image caption Phalaenopsis hybrid Taxobox-begin-placement color lightgreen Taxobox-regnum-entry taxon Plantae Taxobox-divisio-entry taxon Flowering plant Taxobox-classis-entry taxon Monocotyledon Taxobox-ordo-entry taxon Asparagales Taxobox-familia-entry taxon Orchidaceae Taxobox subfamilia entry taxon Epidendroideae Taxobox tribus entry taxon Vandeae Taxobox subtribus entry taxon Aeridinae Taxobox alliance entry taxon Phalaenopsis Taxobox genus entry taxon Phalaenopsis Taxobox-end-placement Taxobox-section-subdivision color lightgreen plural-taxon Species See text Taxobox-end Phalaenopsis (Carl Ludwig Blume 1825) is a genus of approximately 60 species of Orchidaceae (family Orchidaceae). The generic name originates from the Greek phalaina, �moth� and opsis, �like�, descriptive of the inflorescences of some species, which resemble moths in flight. For this reason, �Phals� are sometimes called �Moth orchids�. They are native throughout Southeast Asia from the Himalayas mountains to the Philippines and Northern Australia. Orchid Island of Taiwan is named after this orchid. Most are epiphyte shade plants, a few are lithophytes. In the wild they are typically found below the canopies of moist and humid lowland forests, protected against direct sunlight. Phalaenopsis shows a monopodial growth habit. An erect growing rhizome produces from the top one or two alternate, thick and fleshy, elleptical leaf a year. The older, basal leaves drop off at the same rate. The plant retains in this way four to five leaves. They have no pseudobulbs. The raceme appears from the stem between the leaves. They bloom in their full glory for several weeks. The species can be classified into two groups
A group with a long, branched inflorescence (up to 1 m long) and large, almost round flowers with rose or white tints.
A group with short stems and less rounded, waxy flowers with more pronounced colors. Intensive cross-fertilization has produced a great number of hybrids in all colors and variations. Phalaenopsis are among the most popular orchids sold as potted plants owing to the ease of propagation and flowering under artificial conditions. They were among the first tropical orchids in Victorian era collections. They are extremely easy to grow and flower in the home, as long as some care is taken to provide them with conditions that approximate their native habitats. In nature, they are typically fond of warm temperatures (68 to 95 F/20 to 35 C), but are adaptable to conditions more comfortable for human habitation in temperate zones (60 to 86 F/15 to 30 C). Phals require high humidity (60-70%) and low light of 1,200 to 2,000 foot-candles (12 to 20 klx)). Flowering is triggered by a daily drop in temperature of around 10 degrees Fahrenheit (or 6 degrees Celsius) for 2 to 4 consecutive weeks. Innumerable horticultural hybrids of Phalaenopsis have been created over the years, and these are usually more adaptable to artificial conditions than their botanical ancestors. Most are hybrids of Phalaenopsis amabilis with Phalaenopsis schilleriana or Phalaenopsis stuartiana.

Species

Phalaenopsis amabilis Moon Orchid (Malaysia to Papuasia)
Phalaenopsis amabilis subsp. amabilis (Malaysia to Papuasia). Hemicr. or cham.
Phalaenopsis amabilis subsp. moluccana (NE. Borneo to Maluku). Hemicr. or cham.
Phalaenopsis amabilis subsp. rosenstromii (New Guinea to N. & NE. Queensland). Hemicr. or cham.
Phalaenopsis amboinensis (Sulawesi to Maluku).
Phalaenopsis amboinensis var. amboinensis (Sulawesi to Maluku). Hemicr. or cham.
Phalaenopsis amboinensis var. flavida (Sulawesi) Hemicr. or cham.
Phalaenopsis aphrodite (SE. Taiwan to Philippines).
Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. aphrodite (Philippines) Hemicr. or cham.
Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana (SE. Taiwan). Hemicr. or cham.
Phalaenopsis appendiculata (Pen. Malaysia).
Phalaenopsis bastianii (Philippines - Sulu Arch.).
Phalaenopsis bellina (Borneo).
Phalaenopsis borneensis (Borneo).
Phalaenopsis braceana (E. Himalaya to China - Yunnan).
Phalaenopsis buyssoniana (Indo-China).
Phalaenopsis celebensis (Sulawesi).
Phalaenopsis chibae (Vietnam).
Phalaenopsis cochlearis (Pen. Malaysia to Borneo).
Phalaenopsis corningiana Red Moon Orchid (Borneo - Sarawak).
Phalaenopsis cornu-cervi (Indo-China to W. Malesia and Philippines).
Phalaenopsis deliciosa (Indian Subcontinent to Malesia).
Phalaenopsis deliciosa subsp. deliciosa (Indian Subcontinent to Malaysia). Hemicr. or cham.
Phalaenopsis deliciosa subsp. hookeriana (E. Himalaya to SC. China). Hemicr. or cham.
Phalaenopsis doweryensis (Borneo - Sabah).
Phalaenopsis equestris (Taiwan (Hsiao Lan Y�) to Philippines).
Phalaenopsis fasciata (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis fimbriata (W. Malaysia).
Phalaenopsis floresensis (Lesser Sunda Is.).
Phalaenopsis fuscata (Vietnam to W. & C. Malaysia)
Phalaenopsis gibbosa (Vietnam).
Phalaenopsis gigantea (Borneo).
Phalaenopsis hainanensis (Hainan, China - Yunnan).
Phalaenopsis hieroglyphica (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis honghenensis (China - Yunnan).
Phalaenopsis javanica (W. Java).
Phalaenopsis kunstleri (Myanmar to Pen. Malaysia).
Phalaenopsis lamelligera (N. Borneo).
Phalaenopsis lindenii (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis lobbii (E. Himalaya to Myanmar).
Phalaenopsis lowii (Myanmar to W. Thailand).
Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis luteola (NW. Borneo).
Phalaenopsis maculata (Pen. Malaysia, Borneo).
Phalaenopsis mannii (E. Nepal to China - S. Yunnan).
Phalaenopsis mariae (Borneo to Philippines).
Phalaenopsis mastersii (Assam to Myanmar).
Phalaenopsis micholitzii (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis modesta (Borneo).
Phalaenopsis mysorensis (S. India).
Phalaenopsis pallens (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis pantherina (Borneo).
Phalaenopsis parishii (E. Himalaya to Myanmar, Vietnam).
Phalaenopsis philippinensis (Philippines - Luzon).
Phalaenopsis pulcherrima (Hainan to W. Malaysia).
Phalaenopsis pulchra (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis regnieriana (Thailand).
Phalaenopsis reichenbachiana (Philippines - Mindanao).
Phalaenopsis robinsonii (Maluku -Ambon).
Phalaenopsis sanderiana (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis schilleriana (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis speciosa (Andaman Is., Nicobar Is).
Phalaenopsis stuartiana (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis sumatrana (S. Sumatra).
Phalaenopsis taenialis (Himalaya to SC. China)
Phalaenopsis tetraspsis (Andaman Is., Nicobar Is., NW. Sumatra).
Phalaenopsis venosa (Sulawesi).
Phalaenopsis violacea (Pen. Malaysia to Sumatra).).
Phalaenopsis viridis (Sumatra).
Phalaenopsis wilsonii (SE. Tibet to SC. China to W. Guangxi).
Phalaenopsis zebrina (Indo-China to W. Malesia).

Natural hybrids

Phalaenopsis � amphitrita (P. sanderiana � P. stuartiana) (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis � gersenii (P. sumatrana � P. violacea) (Borneo, Sumatra).
Phalaenopsis � intermedia (P. aphrodite � P. equestris) Star of Leyte (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis � leucorrhoda (P. aphrodite � P. schilleriana) (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis � singuliflora (P. bellina � P. sumatrana) (Borneo).
Phalaenopsis � veitchiana (P. equestris � P. schilleriana) (Philippines).

Reference

Harper, Tom. �Phalaenopsis Culture: Advice for Growing 20 Species.� Orchids Magazine, Volume 73, No. 2 (February 2004). Delray Beach, FL: American Orchid Society, 2004.
Leroy-Terquem, Gerald and Jean Parisot. Orchids: Care and Cultivation. London: Cassel Publishers Ltd., 1991.
Schoser, Gustav. Orchid Growing Basics. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., 1993.
White, Judy. Taylor�s Guide to Orchids. Frances Tenenbaum, Series Editor. New York: Houghton-Mifflin, 1996.

2006-02-08T04:50:00.000-08:00

R.-M.-Hare

Richard Mervyn Hare (1919-2002) was an English moral philosopher, whose meta-ethics theories were influential during the second half of the 20th century.

Biography

Hare attended Balliol College at University of Oxford. He served in the Royal Artillery and was a prisoner of the Japanese from the fall of Singapore in 1942 to the end of the Second World War. This experience had a lasting impact on his philosophical views, particularly his belief that one had to imagine oneself in another persons position. After the war, Hare returned to Oxford (1947-1983), where he held various positions, including Whites Professor of Moral Philosophy (1966-1983). His last academic association was with the University of Florida, where he was Graduate Research Professor of Philosophy (1983-1994). Some of his students would later become famous, such as Brian McGuinness, Bernard Williams and, perhaps best known outside of philsophical circles, Peter Singer, who has explicitly adopted many elements of Hares thought.

Influences

A product of his time, Hare was greatly influenced by the emotivism of Alfred Ayer and Charles L. Stevenson, the ordinary language philosophy of J.L. Austin, and the later philsophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein. Hare was also greatly influenced by utilitarian philosophy and by the ideas of Immanuel Kant. Hare held that ethical rules should not be based on a principle of utility, though he was willing to take into account utilitarian considerations in making ethical judgments. This distinguishes his views from more classical utilitarians (e.g., Jeremy Bentham). Indeed, Hare is as much of a Kantian as he is a utilitarian, as he makes clear in his book, Sorting Out Ethics.

Universal Prescriptivism

In a series of books, especially The Language of Morals, Freedom and Reason, and Moral Thinking, Hare gave shape to a theory that he called universal prescriptivism. According to it, moral terms such as good, ought and right have two logical (i.e. semantic) properties: universalizability and prescriptivity. By the former, moral judgments must identify the situation that they describe by a finite set of universal terms (this excludes proper names, but not definite descriptions). By the latter, moral agents must perform those acts that they consider morally obligatory whenever they are physically and psychologically able to do them. Hare noted that the combination of the two properties leads to a certain form of consequentialism, namely, preference utilitarianism. To see how this works, the reader can imagine the following situation. Suppose you require a big sum of money and ask a friend to lend it to you. He refuses. So you claim that it is wrong for him to do so. Wrong is a moral term, so, according to Hare, you must abide by its logical properties. The first property, universalizability, demands that you give a description of the situation using only universal terms. So you say: Whenever I ask a friend for a big sum of money, it is wrong for her to refuse to give it to me. But this violates the universalizability requirement, insofar as the description contains the terms I and me, which do not designate a universal property, but denote an individual instead. So you try again: Whenver someone asks a friend for a big sum of money, it is wrong for her to refuse the request. This new description satisfies the universalizability requirement, as all its terms are universal. This requirement aroused from the first property of the moral terms, let us now examine that which arises from its second, i.e., prescriptivity. We must, then, see whether you are willing to act according to your initial judgment. At first sight, it would seem that this does not apply to you: if you consider it wrong for your friend to refuse to lend you a big sum of money, it is your friend, not you, the one who should be acting accordingly. However -and here is where the two properties combine and the philosophically interesting results appear-, universalizability allows for the same judgment to be made irrespective of your position in the situation. In other words, as you had to deprive the description of its particular (i.e. non-universal) terms, it is now impossible for you to exclude yourself from the possibility of being in the situation that your friend was. So, by universalizability, if you happened to be, not the one asking, but the one asked for the money, the same moral judgment ought to apply, and, by prescriptivity, you would have to act accordingly. If you were not prepared to do what the judgment asked you to do, i.e., lend the big sum of money, then you would be violating one of the requirements of morality, and in fact you wouldnt be uttering a moral judgment at all. To re-enter the moral discourse, you would have to modify your original judgment so that, once universalized, you would still be able to act in the way it would ask you to act. By a series of (universal) conjectures and (prescriptive) refutations -akin to philosopher Karl Poppers falsificationism (see Freedom and Reason, chapter 4)- you would eventually arrive at the right moral judgment, which would be the one you would prefer in all the possible situations. In each case, however, one cannot simply put oneself in anothers shoes, as it were, one must also adopt the universal properties of the perspectives of the other person. Universal prescriptivism, thus, leads to preference utilitarianism. And so, according to Hare, does Immanuel-Kant: to demand, as Kants first formulation of the categorical imperative does, that you could will that your maxim be a universal law, is to ask the moral agent to prescribe that judgment that she could accept were she in any of the positions involved which of course is exactly Hares point.

Importance of Specificity

It is important to point out that Hare departs from Kants views that one must use only the most general maxims of conduct (e.g., Do Not Steal) and ignore consequences in applying the categorical imperative. Otherwise one ends up with absurdities, for example, it would be immoral to steal a terrorists plans to blow up a nuclear facility, notwithstanding the fact it could result in many deaths and injuries. Hare believes that we must universalize our prescriptions only having considered the specific facts of a circumstance (including the probable consequences) and, in particular, the relevant, universal properties of the facts, including the psychological states of others.

Hare in Applied Ethics

While Hare was primarily interested in foundational and theoretical matters, some have used his universal prescriptivism in applied ethics, for example, Michael E. Berumen uses it as the technique for evaulating exceptions to certain moral rules, and Peter Singer uses it as a means of judging conduct, though, unlike Hare, Singer seems to base his system on a princple of utility.

2006-02-07T16:51:00.000-08:00

Infrared-Optical-Telescope-Array

IOTA began with an agreement in 1988 among five Institutions, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Harvard University, the University of Massachusetts, the University of Wyoming, and MIT/Lincoln Laboratory, to build a two-telescope stellar interferometer for the purpose of making fundamental astrophysical observations, and also as a prototype instrument on which we could perfect techniques which could later lead to the development of a larger, more powerful array. On site construction went on for all 1993 and 1994, with first fringes in December 1993. In 2000 the third telescope came online providing closure phase observations, allowing aperture synthesis to be performed for the first time at IOTA.

List-of-astronomical-interferometers-at-visible-and-infrared-wavelengths

2006-02-07T04:49:00.000-08:00

Paroedura

image here

Regnum	Animalia
Phylum	Chordate
Classis	Reptile
Ordo	Squamata
Subordo	Sauria
Familia	Gekkonidae
Genus	Paroedura

Species 15, see text

Classification of genus Paroedura:

Paroedura androyensis
Paroedura bastardi
Paroedura gracilis
Paroedura homalorhinus
Paroedura karstophila
Paroedura lohatsara
Paroedura maingoka
Paroedura masobe
Paroedura oviceps
Paroedura picta
Paroedura sanctijohannis
Paroedura stumpffi
Paroedura tanjaka
Paroedura vahiny
Paroedura vazimba stub

2006-02-06T16:50:00.000-08:00

Afghanistan-timeline-1956-1960

Timeline of Afghan history NOTOC

January 27, 1956

King Zahir approves the new cabinet still headed by Mohammad Daud Khan, a kings cousin, who also holds the portfolio of defense, Naim Khan, another kings cousin, continues as foreign minister and second deputy premier, Ali Mohammad Khan becomes first deputy premier. Daud has thus finally succeeded in ousting from the government the supporters of Gen. Mohammad Arif, minister of defense, who was dismissed and put under arrest at the beginning of December 1955. At the same time more than 70 other persons, both army officers and civilians, were also arrested.

January 28, 1956

A joint Soviet-Afghan statement says that the U.S.S.R. will ensure delivery of equipment and materials on account of the $100,000,000 credit granted in December 1955, and will also grant other services connected with technical assistance in building certain installations in many branches of Afghan economy. According to Pakistani sources, $40,000,000 of the Soviet credits is earmarked for arms from the U.S.S.R. and Czechoslovakia and $60,000,000 for building airports and roads.

March 21- March 22 22, 1956

On his way to India, Anastas Mikoyan stays in Kabul.

July 1956

Adnan Menderes, the Turkey Turkish prime minister, pays a five-day visit to Afghanistan.

August 1956

Maj.Gen. Iskandar Mirza, the president of Pakistan, stays four days in the Afghan capital. It is believed that both Menderes and Mirza discussed at Kabul the possibility of Afghanistans joining the Baghdad Pact, the problems of the Pathan or Pakhtu tribesmen, and their aspiration for a Pakhtunistan state.

November 1956

Mohammad Daud, the Afghan prime minister, visits Karachi, Pakistan. No mention is made thereafter in Afghan official statements of the Pakhtunistan question, that is, Afghan plans to create a separate state for Pakhtu-speaking peoples in Pakistan.

April and May 1957

Mohammad Daud visits Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Turkey, and Egypt.

June 8- June 11 11, 1957

H.S. Suhrawardi, the prime minister of Pakistan, visits Kabul and, as a result of his conversation with Mohammad Daud, the two governments agree to restore full diplomatic relations between the two countries.

July 17- July 31 31, 1957

King Mohammad Zahir Shah, accompanied by Mohammad Naim, deputy premier and minister of foreign affairs (also a cousin of the king and his brother-in-law), pays a state visit to the U.S.S.R. After a few days in Moscow, the king tours the Soviet Union. On his return to Moscow he and Kliment Voroshilov, chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, sign on July 30 a joint communiqu� emphasizing the desire of their governments to develop and promote the welfare of their countries, the king explains to the Soviet statesmen the neutral policy of Afghanistan and the two parties affirm that the principle of peaceful coexistence between all the nations is in tune with the principles of the UN Charter. A statement is issued on July 31 that Soviet technicians will assist Afghanistan in prospecting for oil in the Maiman and Mazar-i-Sharif areas, near the Soviet frontier. On August 31 Mohammad Naim announces at Kabul that Afghanistan will receive about $25,000,000 worth of Soviet military material.

August 26, 1957

King Mohammad Zahir arrives in Turkey for a 15-day official visit.

Autumn 1957

Mohammad Daud Khan, the prime minister, pays a visit to Burma and to the Peoples Republic of China where, on October 25, Mao Zedong gives a banquet to honour the representative of a nation that valiantly resisted colonialism.

1958

The five-year development plan, begun in 1957, is being revised on the basis of experience gained. The total expenditure envisaged amounts to 5,708,600,000 afghanis at an average yearly rate of 1,141,700,000 afghanis. This means a rate of investment equal to 8% of the national income. Three-fourths of the total development plan is to be financed from national sources, and the remainder from foreign assistance. The total foreign exchange requirement is estimated at $196,000,000. According to the U.S. International Cooperation Administration, Afghanistan received from the United States $18,300,000 of economic aid in 1955-56 and $14,400,000 in 1956-57. The amount for 1957-58 is estimated at $5,800,000.

February 1, 1958

King Mohammad Zahir Shah pays an official visit to Pakistan. He also visits India in February. In his speech at the banquet given by Pres. Rajendra Prasad, the king speaks of the traditionally neutral policy of his country and of the lasting friendship between India and Afghanistan.

May 30, 1958

In Kabul, the representatives of Pakistan and Afghanistan sign an agreement guaranteeing reciprocal transit rights across each others territory.

June 24, 1958

The Afghan prime minister arrives in Washington, where he addresses both the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate.

September 2, 1958

Vili�m Sirok�, the prime minister of Czechoslovakia, arrives in Kabul.

September 12- September 20 20, 1958

Celal Bayar, president of Turkey, is the guest of King Mohammad Zahir.

October 1, 1958

Kliment Voroshilov, chairman of the presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R., makes a return visit of friendship to Afghanistan.

1959

The budget estimates for September 23, 1958-September 22, 1959 (1337-38 in the Afghan calendar), amount to a revenue of 1,455,122,000 afghanis (including 521,192,000 afghanis from foreign loans) and to an expenditure of 1,455,107,962 afghanis. (The afghani is worth about five U.S. cents.) Between the fiscal years 1955-56 and 1957-58 the amounts of Afghan exports rose from 1,527,000,000 afghanis to 1,984,000,000 afghanis, the main destinations being India, the U.S.S.R., the United States, the United Kingdom, and Poland.

1959

Emancipation of women comes about with the abolition of the veil and the chadri (the shroud-like head-to-toe gown).

February 1959

The Afghan prime minister visits New Delhi.

May 1959

The Afghan prime minister is on an official visit in Moscow, where he confers with Nikita Khrushchev. An agreement on the expansion of Soviet-Afghan economic and technical cooperation is signed on May 28. Among other things, it provides for Soviet assistance in the construction of the Kushka-Herat-Kandahar motor road, more than 740 km long.

May 1959

The reconstruction of the Kabul airport starts with Soviet help.

August 24, 1959

Speaking at Kabul on the Afghan national day, King Mohammad Zahir Shah comments, traditionally, on the problem of Pashtunistan, still awaiting a peaceful and just solution. Mohammad Daud Khan, the prime minister, explains to the correspondent of a Japanese press agency that the Pashtun problem has existed for a century and arose when part of Afghanistan was annexed to British India - the Pakistan of today.

September 1959

Jawaharlal Nehru, the Indian prime minister, pays a return visit to Kabul.

September 1959

Mohammad Naim, Afghan foreign minister, pays an official visit to Peking.

September 1959

The Ariana Afghan Airlines extend their services from Kabul to Frankfurt, Germany, through Ankara, Turkey, and Prague, Czechoslovakia.

1960

The U.S.S.R. has by this year spent or committed about $300,000,000 in economic aid to Afghanistan. The latest Soviet enterprise is the building of the Salang highway across the Hindu Kush range to shorten the route between Kabul and the northern provinces by 190 km. The Soviet government promises $22,400,000 in aid to construct the Jalalabad dam on the Kabul river to provide electricity to the capital. Soviet technicians find petroleum in the area of Mazar-i-Sharif, on the Afghan side of the Amu Darya (Oxus) river. United States economic aid to Afghanistan totals by 1960 about $165,000,000, including a loan of $50,000,000. The National Assembly approves the budget estimate for the year 1960-61, balanced at 4,500,000,000 afghanis. Abdullah Malikyar, minister of finance, declares that a total of 2,540,000,000 afghanis of the budget expenditure will be used to implement the last year of the 1957-61 development plan.

January 1960

Mohammad Naim visits Karachi, Pakistan. In late February he holds a press conference at Kabul, in which he complains of the completely negative attitude of Pakistan toward the Afghan claim to Pashtunistan (the former North-West Frontier Province in which, according to Kabul, 7,000,000 Pathan tribesmen are anxious to join Afghanistan).

March 2- March 5 5, 1960

Nikita Khrushchev, the prime minister of the U.S.S.R., visits Kabul. In a joint statement Khrushchev and Mohammad Daud, the Afghan prime minister, declare that in order to establish peace in the Middle East the application of the principle of self-determination is the reasonable way to solve the problems of Pashtunistan.

August 1960

At Kabul, a ten-year Sino-Afghan treaty of friendship is signed by Mohammad Daud and Chen Yi, the deputy premier and foreign minister of Communist China.

September 1960

Speaking at the UN General Assembly Mohammad Naim, the deputy prime minister and foreign minister, describes his countrys position as most impartial and independent in international affairs, its only alliance being its membership in the United Nations.

2006-02-06T04:49:00.000-08:00

Sertraline

Sertraline hydrochloride (Zoloft�, Lustral�, Apo-Sertral�, Asentra�, Gladem�, Serlift�, Stimuloton�) is an orally administered antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) type. Sertraline is used medically mainly to treat the symptoms of Clinical depression. Sertraline is manufactured by Pfizer as small green 25 mg tablets, blue 50 mg tablets, or off-yellow 100 mg tablets. (In Australia it is available as white tablets in 25, 50 or 100mg doses.) It is used in dosages of between 25 mg and a maximum of 200 mg per day. It has also been prescribed for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety. It was first approved by the FDA in 1997. It has a number of adverse effects including insomnia, asthenia, gastrointestinal complaints, tremours, confusion, and dizziness, it can induce mania or hypomania in around 0.5% of patients. One property of sertraline is that it appears to be also a minor inhibitor of dopamine reuptake. It is contraindicated in individuals taking MAOIs or undergoing electroconvulsive therapy. In June of 2003, Britain banned the use of Zoloft for children under 18 after studies showed a link to increased suicide. The complete chemical name for Sertraline hydrochloride is (1S)-cis-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-N-methyl-1-naphthalenamine hydrochloride, (carbon₁₇hydrogen₁₇nitrogenchlorine₂� hydrochloric acid). It is an odorless, white, sparingly soluble crystalline solid with a molecular weight of 342.7.

2006-02-05T16:51:00.000-08:00

Ernesto-Miranda

Ernesto Arturo Miranda (b. March 9, 1941, Mesa, Arizona - d. January 31, 1976, Phoenix, Arizona) laborer, whose conviction on rape charges based solely on his confession under police interrogation in which he was not informed of his rights to counsel and to remain silent before he confessed to the police, resulted in the Supreme Court of the United States case (Miranda v. Arizona) which ruled that a police officer upon arresting a person was to read him his rights to counsel and to remain silent.

Life before Miranda v. Arizona

Ernesto Arturo Miranda was born on March 9, 1941, Mesa, Arizona. Miranda started to get in trouble when he was in grade school in Mesa, shortly after his mother died and his father remarried. Miranda and his father didn�t get along very well, and he kept his distance from his brothers and step-mother, as well. Miranda had his first criminal conviction when he was in 8th grade. The following year, he was arrested and convicted of burglary, and sentenced to a year in reform school. In 1956 about a month after he was released from his reform school, Arizona State Industrial School for Boys he got in to trouble again and was returned there. By this time Miranda had dropped out of school. When he was released from the reform school, he went to Los Angeles, California. Within months of his arrival in LA, Miranda was arrested on suspicion of armed robbery, (but not convicted) and for some minor sex offenses. After two and a half years in custody the 18 year old Miranda was deported back to Arizona. At that time he decided to join the army. During his army service he received many AWOL charges and charges for spying on other peoples sexual activities. He also spent spent six months in the Fort Campbell, Kentucky stockade at hard labor. After 15 months in the service, during which time he was ordered to consult a psychiatrist but only went to one session, Miranda was dishonorably discharged. He drifted around the south for a few months, spending time in jail in Texas for living on the street without money or a place to live, and was arrested in Nashville driving a stolen car. Because he had taken the stolen vehicle across state lines, Miranda was sentenced to a year and a day in the federal prison system, serving time in Chillicothe, Ohio and later in Lompoc, California. The next couple of years Miranda kept out of jail, working at different jobs without a steady job, until he became a laborer on the night loading dock for the Phoenix produce company. At that time he started living with Twila Hoffman, a 29-year-old mother of a boy and a girl by another man, from whom she could not afford a divorce. According to the Phoenix police, Miranda repeatedly abducted, kidnapped, raped and robbed young women during this time. His searching grounds for victims were so limited though, that in March 1963, his truck was spotted and license plates recognized by the brother of an 18 year old rape victim (the victim had given the brother a description). With his description of the car and a partial license plate number, Phoenix police officers Carroll Cooley and Wilfred Young, arrested Miranda, took him to the station house and placed him in a lineup. After the lineup, when Miranda asked how he did the police implied that he was positively identified. The police got a confession out of Miranda after two hours of interrogation, without informing him of his rights. After unburdening himself to the officers, Miranda was taken to meet the rape victim for positive voice identification. Asked by officers, in her presence, whether this was the victim, Miranda said, Thats the girl. Not surprisingly, the victim stated that the sound of Mirandas voice matched that of the culprit. Miranda then wrote his confessions down. At the top of each sheet was the printed certification that the confessor makes �this statement voluntarily and of my own free will, with no threats, coercion or promises of immunity and with full knowledge of my legal rights, understanding any statement I make may be used against me. Despite the statement on top of the sheets that Miranda was confessing with full knowledge of my legal right, he was not informed of his right to have an attorney present or of his right to remain silent. 73-year-old Alvin Moore was assigned to represent him at his trial. The trial took place in mid-June 1963 before Maricopa County Superior Court Judge Yale McFate. Moore objected to entering the confession by Miranda as evidence during the trial but was overruled. Mostly because of the confession, Miranda was convicted of rape and kidnapping and sentenced to 20 to 30 years on both charges. Moore appealed to the Arizona Supreme Court but the charges were upheld. Filing as a pauper, Miranda submitted his plea for a writ of certiorari, or request for review of his case to the U.S. Supreme Court in June, 1965. After Alvin Moore was unable to take the case because of health reasons, the American Civil Liberties Union or ACLU attorney Robert J. Corcoran, got John J. Flynn, a reputable criminal defense attorney, his partner, John P. Frank, and an associate Peter D. Baird to represent Miranda. They wrote a 2,500 word, writ of certiorari that argued that Mirandas Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution rights had been violated and send it to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Miranda v. Arizona

In November, 1965, the Supreme Court agreed to hear Mirandas case, Miranda v. Arizona along with four other similar cases to clear all misunderstandings the ruling of Escobedo v. Illinois, which ruled that when police are no longer conducting a general inquiry into an unsolved crime but are focusing on a particular suspect in custody, refusing to allow that suspect to consult with an attorney and failing to warn the suspect of his right to remain silent is denial of the assistance of counsel in violation of the Sixth Amendment, had created. In January 1966, Flynn and Frank submitted their argument stating that Mirandas Sixth Amendment right to counsel had been violated by the Phoenix Police Department. Two weeks later the state of Arizona responded by stating that Mirandas rights have not been violated. The first day of the case was on the last day of February 1966 (Because of the four other cases and other information the case had a second day of oral arguements on March 1st 1966) John Flynn argued first, for Miranda. He first outlined the case and then stated that Miranda had not been advised of his right to remain silent when he had been arrested and questioned, adding the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution argument to his case and that an emotionally disturbed man like Miranda, who had a limited education, shouldn�t be expected to know his Fifth Amendment right not to incriminate himself. Gary Nelson spoke for the people of Arizona, arguing that this was not a Fifth Amendment issue but just a attempt to expand its Sixth Amendment Escobedo decision. He urged the justices to clarify their position, but not to push the limits of Escobedo too far. He then told the court that forcing police to advise suspects of their rights would seriously obstruct public safety. The second day had others from the other cases and some argue. Thurgood Marshall, the former NAACP attorney was the last to present his stand on the case. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote the opinion in Miranda v. Arizona. The decision was in favor of Miranda. It stated that (not the exact words) law enforcement officials would have to ensure that detainees have been briefed on and understand their Constitutional rights. The opinion was released on June 13, 1966. Because of the ruling, police departments around the country started to inform suspects they have the right to remain silent, that anything they say can and will be used against them, that they have the right to an attorney and that if they cannot afford an attorney, one will be provided free of charge.

Life after Miranda v. Arizona

Only Mirandas rape charge was dropped and robbery charge was still held and another trial was decided to be held on the rape charge without the confession as evidence soon after the decision. He was quickly re-sentenced to 20 to 30 years in prison for kidnapping and rape because of a confession he had made to his wife. After serving one-third of his sentence and being turned down for parole four times Miranda was paroled in December 1972. He after his release started selling autographed Miranda Warning cards for $1.50. Over the next years Miranda was arrested numerous times for minor driving offenses and eventually lost his privilege to drive a car. He was arrested for the possession of a gun but the charges were dropped. But because this violated his parole he was sent back to Arizona State Prison for another year. After his release, Miranda spent most of his time in poorly kept bars and cheap hotels in the bad section of Phoenix. On January 31, 1976, Miranda, then working as a delivery driver, participated in a card game at the La Amapola Bar. A violent fight broke out, and Miranda was mortally wounded with a knife and was dead on arrival at Good Samaritan Hospital. He was 35 years old. A suspect was arrested and read the Miranda warning. He then declined to give a statement. The suspect was released and supposedly fled to Mexico. The Miranda murder case was closed without apprehending the murderer.

2006-02-05T04:50:00.000-08:00

Aransas-Pass,-Texas

Aransas Pass is a city in Texas United States. This city is located across the intersection of three counties: San Patricio, Aransas, and Nueces Counties. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 8,138. The city is named for the nearby Aransas Pass.

Geography

Aransas Pass is located at 27�547 North, 97�822 West (27.901917, -97.139462) GR 1. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 134.3 square kilometer (51.8 square mile). 27.8 km� (10.7 mi�) of it is land and 106.5 km� (41.1 mi�) of it is water. The total area is 79.29% water. The city is connected to the segment of Padre Island known as Mustang Island (which contains the city of Port Aransas). The two cities are connected via an 11 mile-long causeway, and a fee-free ferry that carries vehicles to the island.

Demographics

As of the census GR 2 of 2000, there are 8,138 people, 2,961 households, and 2,140 families residing in the city. The population density is 292.6/km� (758.1/mi�). There are 3,493 housing units at an average density of 125.6/km� (325.4/mi�). The racial makeup of the city is 80.58% White (U.S. Census), 3.44% African American (U.S. Census), 0.76% Native American (U.S. Census), 0.45% Asian (U.S. Census), 0.01% Pacific Islander (U.S. Census), 11.28% from Race (U.S. Census), and 3.47% from two or more races. 37.70% of the population are Hispanic (U.S. Census) or Latino (U.S. Census) of any race. There are 2,961 households out of which 34.4% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.1% are Marriage living together, 13.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 27.7% are non-families. 23.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.70 and the average family size is 3.17. In the city the population is spread out with 28.4% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 97.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 95.0 males. The median income for a household in the city is $27,376, and the median income for a family is $33,227. Males have a median income of $29,383 versus $17,969 for females. The per capita income for the city is $12,964. 19.6% of the population and 18.3% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 23.5% of those under the age of 18 and 10.9% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. The primary industries are shrimping and tourism, along with farming and oil & gas interests in the area. The shrimp boat fleet sails from Conn Brown Harbor: a large, protected harbor chiefly dedicated to the shrimping industry. The area is popular for salt-water sports fishing and beach-going.

2006-02-04T16:52:00.000-08:00

John-A.-Dahlgren

Rear Admiral John Adolph Dahlgren, USN, (1809-1870), son of the Sweden Consul in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, made his career in the United States Navy. He headed the Union Navys ordnance department during the American Civil War and designed several different kinds of guns and cannons that were considered part of the reason the Union won that war. The young John Dahlgren joined the United States Navy in 1826 as a midshipman and was promoted to the coastal survey in 1834. By 1847 he was an ordnance officer, and at the Washington Navy Yard began to improve and systematize the procurement and supply system for weapons. Under his command, the Navy established its own foundry, and its first product was the Boat Howitzer which was designed to be used on both ship and in landings. But it is his cast iron cannon, which came to bear his name (the Dahlgren gun), which was his most famous contribution. By 1856, it had become the standard armament of the United States Navy. However, fatefully, one of the dahlgrens exploded on being tested in 1860, causing navy regulations to require the use of much lower levels of powder until into the civil war. The commander of USS Monitor felt that had his gunner packed the cannons with a full charge, he might have been able to destroy CSS Virginia. Dahlgren himself took charge of the Washington Navy Yard in 1861, and in 1863 took command of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron. In 1864 he helped William Tecumseh Sherman secure Savannah, Georgia. In 1869, he returned to the Washington Navy Yard where he served until his death. The Naval station in Dahlgren, Virginia, and Dahlgren Hall at the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, were named for him, and so was Dahlgren, Illinois. See also: John Ericsson

2006-02-04T04:49:00.000-08:00

Casiotone-Nation

Casiotone Nation plays an energetic and eclectic mix of funky drum and bass with a hint of hip hop. The influences of this Utrecht (city)-based band range from Soul Coughing to the EZ Rollers and from the Cinematic Orchestra to Adam F. The band strives to make the audience dance to fast and heavy beats, but also to make them jump to the hiphopbeats. Casiotone Nation has been playing in this formation since January 2000. Early 2001 they started performing. Since then the band has played a lot of different stages (including Paradiso, Tivoli and De Vloer). They have also participated in several contests. In 2001 Casiotone Nation: Launched a website, and recorded their first professional demo at Studio Moskou in Utrecht. Moreover, Casiotone Nation reached the finals of t Uur U and Het Geheim van Utrecht. Casiotone Nation and Six of Your Best Friends also organised the first Groovement-night at the Sju Huis. The demo received several positive reactions, some from people in the music business. The demo was made demo of the week by U-pop and was presented during a performance with Black Market Audio at Dbs in Utrecht. At the moment they are working towards new recordings and a reconstructed live-set. These recordings will include the use of electronics to add an extra dimension to the music.

2006-02-03T16:50:00.000-08:00

Automata-theory

A field of computer science which studies Finite state machines, by means of mathematical representations of them (automata, Turing machines). Below you will find a brief reference on how general automata are constructed and how they work. Turing machines are explained in their own page, so no need to repeat here.

Tools of the Trade

Let us first define a few concepts to make our lives easier afterwards:, Symbol Think of a letter. Think because it need not to be a letter. It may be any symbol, as long as it is a single thing (no words here yet)., Word A finite string formed by the concatenation of a number of symbols., Alphabet A finite set of symbols., Language A set of words, formed by symbols in a given alphabet. May or may not be infinite.

Automata

Basic Description

As said before, an automaton is a mathematical model for a finite state machine. A finite state machine is a machine that given an input, jumps through a series of states according to a transition function (can be seen as a table) that tells the automaton which state to go next given a current state and a current symbol. The input is read symbol by symbol, until it is consumed completely (think of it as a tape with a word written on it, that is read by a reading head of the automaton, the head moves forward over the tape, reading one symbol at a time). Once the input is depleted, the automaton is said to have stopped. Depending on the state in which the automaton stops, its said that the automaton accepts or not the word in the input. If it landed in an accept state, then the automaton accepts the word. If, on the other hand, it lands on a non-accept state, the word is rejected. The set of all the words accepted by an automaton is called the language accepted by the automaton.

A little more formal description

Formally, an automaton is represented by the N-tuple

langle Q, Sigma, delta, S-0, F angle

where:
Q is a finite set of states.
is a finite set of symbols, that we will call the alphabet of the language the automaton accepts.
is the transition function, that is

delta:Q imes Sigma ightarrow Q.

This function can be extended so that instead of taking just one symbol of the alphabet, it receives a string of symbols, and returns the state in which the automaton will stay after processing the input. This can be rewritten as

hat delta:Q imes Sigma^{ star} ightarrow Q.

where is the Kleene closure of.
S₀ is the start state, that is, the state in which the automaton is when no input has been processed yet (Obviously, S₀ Q).
F is a set of states of Q (i.e. FQ), called accept states. With all this, we can now say that the language

L

accepted by an DFA automaton (see below. The definition of is a little more complex for NFAs)

M langle Q, Sigma, delta, S-0, F angle

is:

L { w in Sigma^{ star} hat delta(S-0,w) in F }

Types of Automata

The following are three kinds of finite automata,deterministic finite state machine Each state of an automaton of this kind has a transition for every symbol in the alphabet., nondeterministic finite state machine States of an automaton of this kind may or may not have a transition for each symbol in the alphabet, or can even have multiple transitions for a symbol. The automaton accepts a word if there exists at least one path from S₀ to a state in F labeled with the input word. If a transition is undefined, so that the automaton knows not how to keep on reading the input, the word is rejected., nondeterministic finite state machine Besides of being able to jump to more (or none) states with any symbol, these can jump on no symbol at all. This is, if a state has transitions labeled with

epsilon

then the NFA can be in any of the states reached by the

epsilon

transitions, directly or through other states with

epsilon

transitions. The set of states that can be reached by this method from a state q, is called the

epsilon

closure of q. It can be shown, though, that all these automata can accept the same languages. You can always construct a DFA M that accepts the same language that a NFA M.

Extensions of Finite Automata

The family of languages accepted by the above-described automata is called the family of regular language. More powerful automata can accept more complicated languages. Such automata include, pushdown automaton Such machines are identical to DFAs (or NFAs), except that they additionally carry memory in the form of a stack (computing). The transition function

delta

will now also depend on the symbol(s) on top of the stack, and will specify how the stack is to be changed at each transition. PDAs accept context-free languages., turing machine These are the most powerful computational machines. They possess an infinite memory in the form of a tape, and a head which can read and change the tape, and move in either direction along the tape. Turing machines are equivalent to algorithms, and are the theoretical basis for modern computers. Turing machines accept transformational languages., linear bounded automata An LBA is a limited Turing machine, instead of an infinite tape, the tape has an amount of space proportional to the size of the input string. LBAs accept context-sensitive languages.

References

John E. Hopcroft, Rajeev Motwani, Jeffrey D. Ullman - Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation (2nd Edition)

2006-02-03T02:24:00.000-08:00

Doctor-of-Business-Administration

The Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) is an applied, professional doctorate, as opposed to the more research-heavy Doctor of Philosophy or Ph.D., and is typically aimed towards senior executives. Some observers believe the DBA might start to achieve the sort of recognition the Master of Business Administration has won over recent years. At the moment, no league table is available to show that DBA is the same or higher than MBA, particularly for those global top tier ranked in league table by poll of polls. msg:edu-stub

2006-02-02T14:26:00.000-08:00

Politics-of-Gabon

This article describes the Politics of Gabon TOC Politics of Gabon Under the 1961 constitution (revised in 1975 and rewritten in 1991), Gabon became a republic with a presidential form of government. The National Assembly has 120 Deputy elected for a 5-year term. The president is elected by universal suffrage for a 7-year term. The president appoints the prime minister, the cabinet, and judges of the independent Supreme Court. The government in 1990 made major changes in the political system. A transitional constitution was drafted in May as an outgrowth of a national political conference in March-April and later revised by a constitutional committee. Among its provisions were a Western-world Western-thought-style bill of rights, creation of a National Council of Democracy, which oversees the guarantee of those rights, a governmental advisory board on economics and social issues, and an independent judiciary. After approval by the National Assembly, the PDG Central Committee, and the president, the Assembly unanimously adopted the constitution in March 1991. Multi-party Legislature elections were held in 1990-91, despite the fact that Opposition party had not been declared formally legal. After a peaceful transition, the elections produced the first representative, Multi-party system, National Assembly. In January 1991, the Assembly passed by unanimous vote a law governing the legalization of opposition parties. The president was re-elected in a disputed election in 1993 with 51% of votes cast. Social and political disturbances led to the 1994 Paris Conference and Accords, which provided a framework for the next elections. Local and legislative elections were delayed until 1996-1997. In 1997 constitutional amendments were adopted to create an appointed Senate, the position of vice president, and to extend the presidents term to 7 years. Facing a divided opposition, President Omar Bongo was re-elected in December 1998, with 66% of the votes cast. Although the main opposition parties claimed the elections had been manipulated, there was none of the Civil disobedience that followed the 1993 election. The president retains strong powers, such as authority to dissolve the National Assembly, declare a Siege, delay legislation, conduct Referendum, and appoint and dismiss the prime minister and cabinet members. For administrative purposes, Gabon is divided into 9 provinces, which are further divided into 36 prefectures and 8 separate subprefectures. The president appoints the provincial governors, the prefects, and the subprefects.

Political conditions

At the time of History of Gabon in 1960, two principal political parties existed: the Bloc Democratique Gabonais (BDG), led by Leon MBa, and the Union Democratique et Sociale Gabonaise (UDSG), led by Jean-Hilaire Aubame. In the first post-independence election, held under a parliamentary system, neither party was able to win a majority. The BDG obtained support from three of the four independent legislative deputies, and MBa was named prime minister. Soon after concluding that Gabon had an insufficient number of people for a two-party system, the two party leaders agreed on a single list of candidates. In the February 1961 election, held under the new presidential system, MBa became president and Aubame foreign minister. This Single-party state appeared to work until February 1963, when the larger BDG element forced the UDSG members to choose between a merger of the parties or resignation. The UDSG cabinet ministers resigned, and MBa called an election for February 1964 and a reduced number of National Assembly deputies (from 67 to 47). The UDSG failed to muster a list of candidates able to meet the requirements of the electoral decrees. When the BDG appeared likely to win the election by default, the Military of Gabon toppled MBa in a bloodless coup on February 18, 1964. Military of France re-established his government the next day. Elections were held in April with many opposition participants. BDG-supported candidates won 31 seats and the opposition 16. Late in 1966, the constitution was revised to provide for automatic succession of the vice president should the president die in office. In March 1967, Leon MBa and Omar Bongo (then Albert Bongo) were elected president and vice president. MBa died later that year, and Omar Bongo became president. In March 1968, Bongo declared Gabon a one-party state by dissolving the BDG and establishing a new party the Parti Democratique Gabonais. He invited all Gabonese, regardless of previous political affiliation, to participate. Bongo was elected president in February 1975 and re-elected in December 1979 and November 1986 to 7-year terms. In April 1975, the office of vice president was abolished and replaced by the office of prime minister, who has no right to automatic succession. Under the 1991 constitution, in the event of the presidents death, the prime minister, the National Assembly president, and the defense minister share power until a new election is held. Using the PDG as a tool to submerge the regional and tribal rivalries that have divided Gabonese politics in the past, Bongo sought to forge a single national movement in support of the governments development policies. Opposition to the PDG continued, however, and in September 1990, two coup attempts were uncovered and aborted. Economic discontent and a desire for political liberalization provoked violent demonstrations and strikes by students and workers in early 1990. In response to grievances by workers, Bongo negotiated with them on a sector-by-sector basis, making significant wage concessions. In addition, he promised to open up the PDG and to organize a national political conference in March-April 1990 to discuss Gabons future political system. The PDG and 74 political organizations attended the conference. Participants essentially divided into two loose coalitions, the ruling PDG and its allies and the United Front of Opposition Associations and Parties, consisting of the breakaway Morena Fundamental and the Gabonese Progress Party. The April conference approved sweeping political reforms, including creation of a national senate, decentralization of the budgetary process, freedom of assembly and press, and cancellation of the Visa-%28document%29 Exit-visas requirement. In an attempt to guide the political systems transformation to multi-party democracy, Bongo resigned as PDG chairman and created a transitional government headed by a new Prime Minister, Casimir Oye-Mba. The Gabonese Social Democratic Grouping (RSDG), as the resulting government was called, was smaller than the previous government and included representatives from several opposition parties in its cabinet. The RSDG drafted a provisional constitution that provided a basic bill of rights and an independent judiciary but retained strong executive powers for the president. After further review by a constitutional committee and the National Assembly, this document came into force in March 1991. Despite further anti-government demonstrations after the untimely death of an opposition leader, the first multi-party National Assembly elections in almost 30 years took place in September-October 1990, with the PDG garnering a large majority. Following President Bongos re-election in December 1993 with 51% of the vote, opposition candidates refused to validate the election results. Serious civil disturbances led to an agreement between the government and opposition factions to work toward a political settlement. These talks led to the Paris Accords in November 1994 in which several opposition figures were included in a government of national unity. This arrangement soon broke down, and the 1996 and 1997 legislative and municipal elections provided the background for renewed partisan politics. The PDG won a landslide victory in the legislative election, but several major cities, including Libreville, elected opposition mayors during the 1997 local election. President Bongo coasted to an easy re-election in December 1998 with 66% of the vote against a divided opposition. While Bongos major opponents rejected the outcome as fraudulent, international observers characterized the result as representative even if the election suffered from serious administrative problems. There was no serious civil disorder or protests following the election in contrast to the 1993 election.

Political System Facts

conventional long form: Gabonese Republic
conventional short form: Gabon
local long form: Republique Gabona�se
local short form: Gabon
Data code GB
Government type: republic multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties legalized in 1990)
Capital: Libreville
Administrative divisions: There are nine provincial administrations. These are headquartered in
Estuaire
Haut-Ogooue
Moyen-Ogooue
Ngounie, Nyanga (province)
Ogoou�-Ivindo
Ogoou�-Lolo
Ogooue-Maritime
Woleu-Ntem
Independence: 17 August 1960 (from France)
National holiday: France granted Gabon full independence on August 17 1960. Gabon observes Independence day each 17 August.
Constitution: adopted 14 March 1991
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law, judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court, compulsory International Court of Justice jurisdiction not accepted
Suffrage: 21 years of age, universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President El Hadj Omar BONGO (since 2 December 1967)
head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Francois NTOUTOUME-EMANE (since 23 January 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in consultation with the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term, election last held 6 December 1998 (next to be held NA 2005), prime minister appointed by the president
election results: President El Hadj Omar BONGO reelected, percent of vote - El Hadj Omar BONGO 66.6%, Pierre MAMBOUNDOU 16.5%, Fr. Paul MBA-ABESSOLE 13.4%
Legislative branch: bicameral legislature consists of the Senate (91 seats) and the National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (120 seats), members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms
Elections and Current Partisan Constituency of Government: National Assembly - last held 15 December and 29 December 1996 (next to be held NA December 2001), Senate - last held 26 January and 9 February 1997 (next to be held in January 2002)
election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA, seats by party - PDG 89, PGP 9, RNB 6, CLR 3, UPG 2, USG 2, independents 4, others 5, Senate - percent of vote by party - NA, seats by party - PDG 53, RNB 20, PGP 4, ADERE 3, RDP 1, CLR 1, independents 9
Judicial Branch: Gabons Supreme Court or Cour Supreme consists of three chambers - Judicial, Administrative, and Accounts, Constitutional Court, Courts of Appeal, Court of State Security, County Courts
Political parties and leaders: African Forum for Reconstruction or FAR leader ???, Circle of Liberal Reformers or CLR General Jean Boniface ASSELE, Democratic and Republican Alliance or ADERE Divungui-di-Ndinge DIDJOB, Gabonese Democratic Party or PDG, former sole party Simplice Nguedet MANZELA, secretary general, Gabonese Party for Progress or PGP Pierre-Louis AGONDJO-OKAWE, president, Gabonese Peoples Union or UPG Pierre MAMBOUNDOU, Gabonese Socialist Union or USG leader NA, National Rally of Woodcutters (Bucherons) or RNB Fr. Paul MBA-ABESSOLE, Peoples Unity Party or PUP Louis Gaston MAYILA, Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP leader NA, Social Democratic Party or PSD Pierre Claver MAGANGA-MOUSSAVOU
International organization participation: Agence de coop�ration culturelle et technique, ACP, African Development Bank, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization, FZ, G-24, Group of 77, International Atomic Energy Agency, IBRD, International Civil Aviation Organization, ICC, International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, IDA, IDB, International Fund for Agricultural Development, International Finance Corporation, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (associate), International Labour Organization, International Monetary Fund, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, International Olympic Committee, International Telecommunication Union, Non-Aligned Movement, OAU, OIC, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, UDEAC, United Nations, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Universal Postal Union, World Confederation of Labour, World Health Organization, World Intellectual Property Organization, World Meteorological Organization, WToO, WTrO
Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and blue

2006-02-02T02:23:00.000-08:00

Brachypelma

Brachypelma is a genus of the Family (biology) Theraphosidae containing various species of tarantulas. Some of the species contained within the genus include:
B. albopilosa
Brachypelma smithii
B. auratum
B. boehmi
B. emilia
B. bagans

Characteristics

The Brachypelma is a docile tarantula that is easy to keep in a terrarium. They feed on insects and mice. They usually do not bite humans. Most spiders used in Hollywood movies (e.g. Indiana Jones, The Mummy Returns) are Brachypelma smithii or Brachypelma emilia because they are very docile. These species are also noted as being good hair kickers, though they are not particularly itchy like some other species can be.

2006-02-01T13:58:00.000-08:00

Dundas,-Minnesota

Dundas is a city located in Rice County, Minnesota, USA. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 547. The town originally had a flour mill on the Cannon River, ruins of which can still be seen. Today, the town is chiefly a bedroom community for nearby Northfield, Minnesota and the more distant Minneapolis, Minnesota metro area. The juxtaposition of Dundas and Northfield towns and disparate zoning policies have led to some unusual growth patterns. Dundas is home to a number of businesses, such as the off-sale liquor store and two bars that would be unable to get licenses to operate in the Northfield regulatory environment. Another attraction is the recently opened bistro, Fermentations. Fermentations is featured in Minnesota Monthy Magazines Dining. Fermentations features Contemporary Gourmet and is Elegant yet casual according to Minnesota Monthly has the only public feed mill within about 40 miles. It is operated by Interstate Mills on the site of the original grain elevator. In 1999, the threat of a Target store being sited in Dundas rather than Northfield, was instrumental in forcing changes to Northfields zoning to allow such uses. A Union Pacific rail line passes through Dundas, but trains no longer stop.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.0 square kilometer (1.5 square mile). 4.0 km� (1.5 mi�) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.

Demographics

As of the censusGeographic references 2 of 2000, there are 547 people, 213 households, and 146 families residing in the city. The population density is 138.0/km� (356.4/mi�). There are 229 housing units at an average density of 57.8/km� (149.2/mi�). The racial makeup of the city is 97.26% White (U.S. Census), 1.28% African American (U.S. Census), 0.00% Native American (U.S. Census), 0.00% Asian (U.S. Census), 0.00% Pacific Islander (U.S. Census), 1.10% from Race (U.S. Census), and 0.37% from two or more races. 2.38% of the population are Hispanic (U.S. Census) or Latino (U.S. Census) of any race. There are 213 households out of which 33.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.3% are Marriage living together, 10.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 31.0% are non-families. 24.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.57 and the average family size is 3.09. In the city the population is spread out with 25.8% under the age of 18, 12.4% from 18 to 24, 33.6% from 25 to 44, 19.2% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 33 years. For every 100 females there are 104.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 102.0 males. The median income for a household in the city is $51,429, and the median income for a family is $55,250. Males have a median income of $32,167 versus $29,306 for females. The per capita income for the city is $20,316. 7.8% of the population and 4.8% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 14.8% of those under the age of 18 and 4.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

2006-02-01T02:10:00.000-08:00

John-Tierney-(Australian-politician)

Dr John Tierney (born 21 January 1946), Australia politician, has been a Liberal Party of Australia member of the Australian Senate since 1991, representing the state of New South Wales. He was born in Cooma, New South Wales, and was educated at the the University of Newcastle and the University of Sydney, gaining a Ph.D. in education. He was Senior Lecturer in Education at the University of Newcastle before entering politics. At the Australian legislative election, 2004 Tierney was dropped to fourth position on the Coalition Senate ticket in New South Wales and was defeated. His term will end on 30 June, 2005.

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