Arthur-Penty

Arthur Joseph Penty (1875 �1937) was a British architect, and writer on Guild socialism and distributism. He was first a Fabian socialist, and follower of Victorian thinkers William Morris and John Ruskin. He is generally credited with the formulation of a Christian socialist form of the medieval guild, as an alternative basis for economic life. Around 1900, working in his fathers architects practice in Leeds, he met A. R. Orage, with Holbrook Jackson they founded the Leeds Arts Club. All three moved to London in 1905 and 1906, Penty in fact led the way, and Orage lodged with him in his first attempts to live by writing. For a time, from 1906, Pentys ideas were widely influential. Orage, as editor of The New Age, was a convert to guild socialism. After World War I guild socialism dropped back as a factor in the thinking of the British Labour movement, in general, the idea of post-industrialism, on which Penty wrote, attributing the term to A. K. Coomaraswamy, receded in importance in the face of the economic conditions. Several of Pentys books were translated into German in the early 1920s. Penty was an acknowledged influence of the Spanish writer Ramiro de Maeztu Whitney (1875-1936).

Penty the distributist

The somewhat complex British development of distributism emerged as a conjuncture of ideas of Penty, Hilaire Belloc and the Chestertons Cecil Chesterton and G. K. Chesterton. It reflected in part a first split from the Fabian socialists of the whole New Age group, in the form of the Fabian Arts Group of 1907. Orage was a believer in Guild socialism for a period. After C. H. Douglas met Orage in 1918, and Orage invented the term Social Credit for the Douglas theories, there was in effect a further split into left (Social Crediters) and right (distributist) thinkers. This is, though, fairly misleading as a classification, it was also to some extent a split between theosophist and Catholic camps. Penty went with the distributists. Distributism in the 1920s took its own direction, as Belloc wrote his version of it in the period 1920 to 1925 and connected it with his political theories. The British Labour Party declared against Social Credit in 1922. Gradually, although G. K. Chesterton supported the General Strike of 1926, distributism found itself on the right wing. Alignments with the British ruralist writers, such as H. J. Massingham, approximate equivalents of American agrarians, brought it into contact with a number of far right believers. In this context Penty wrote his 1937 Distributism: A Manifesto, the year after the death of Chesterton.

Works

The Restoration of the Gild System (1906)
Essays on Post-Industrialism (1914) edited with Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy
Old Worlds for New (1917)
Guilds and the Social Crisis (1919)
The Guild Alternative
A Guildsmans Interpretation of History (1919)
Post Industrialism (1922)
Gilden, Gewerbe und Landwirtschaft (1922)Aus dem Englischen �bersetzt von Otto Eccius.
Towards a Christian Sociology (1923),
Agriculture and the unemployed (1925) with William Wright
The Elements of Domestic Design (1930)
Means and Ends (1932).
Communism and the Alternative (1933)
Distributism: A Manifesto (1937)
The Gauntlet: A Challenge to the Myth of Progress (2002) collection, introduction by Peter Chojnowski,
Distributist Perspectives: Volume 1 - Essays on the Economics of Justice and Charity (2004) with others

posted @ 4:52 AM 3 comments

McHenry-County,-North-Dakota

McHenry County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of 2000, the population is 5,987. Its county seat is Towner, North DakotaGeographic references.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 4,951 square kilometer (1,912 square mile). 4,854 km� (1,874 mi�) of it is land and 97 km� (38 mi�) of it is water. The total area is 1.97% water.

Demographics

As of the censusGeographic references 2 of 2000, there are 5,987 people, 2,526 households, and 1,699 families residing in the county. The population density is 1/km� (3/mi�). There are 2,983 housing units at an average density of 1/km� (2/mi�). The racial makeup of the county is 98.73% Race (U.S. census), 0.08% Race (U.S. census) or Race (U.S. census), 0.40% Race (U.S. census), 0.03% Race (U.S. census), 0.00% Race (U.S. census), 0.05% from race (U.S. census), and 0.70% from two or more races. 0.40% of the population are Race (U.S. census) or Race (U.S. census) of any race. There are 2,526 households out of which 28.30% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.20% are Marriage living together, 5.60% have a female householder with no husband present, and 32.70% are non-families. 29.80% of all households are made up of individuals and 15.40% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.35 and the average family size is 2.92. In the county the population is spread out with 24.00% under the age of 18, 5.90% from 18 to 24, 23.30% from 25 to 44, 25.10% from 45 to 64, and 21.80% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 43 years. For every 100 females there are 103.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 101.00 males. The median income for a household in the county is $27,274, and the median income for a family is $35,676. Males have a median income of $25,740 versus $18,505 for females. The per capita income for the county is $15,140. 15.80% of the population and 12.00% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 18.50% of those under the age of 18 and 16.80% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Cities and towns

Anamoose, North Dakota
Balfour, North Dakota
Bantry, North Dakota
Bergen, North Dakota
Deering, North Dakota
Drake, North Dakota
Granville, North Dakota
Karlsruhe, North Dakota
Kief, North Dakota
Towner, North Dakota
Upham, North Dakota
Velva, North Dakota
Voltaire, North Dakota NorthDakota

posted @ 4:51 PM 0 comments

Burlington,-Michigan

Burlington is a village located in Calhoun County, Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 405.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.9 square kilometer (0.7 square mile). 1.9 km� (0.7 mi�) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.

Demographics

As of the censusGeographic references 2 of 2000, there are 405 people, 142 households, and 115 families residing in the village. The population density is 211.3/km� (549.3/mi�). There are 157 housing units at an average density of 81.9/km� (212.9/mi�). The racial makeup of the village is 96.79% White (U.S. Census), 0.00% African American (U.S. Census), 0.74% Native American (U.S. Census), 0.74% Asian (U.S. Census), 0.00% Pacific Islander (U.S. Census), 0.74% from Race (U.S. Census), and 0.99% from two or more races. 0.74% of the population are Hispanic (U.S. Census) or Latino (U.S. Census) of any race. There are 142 households out of which 35.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.4% are Marriage living together, 12.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 19.0% are non-families. 16.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 6.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.85 and the average family size is 3.13. In the village the population is spread out with 28.4% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 31.4% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 101.4 males. The median income for a household in the village is $32,857, and the median income for a family is $35,750. Males have a median income of $30,938 versus $23,750 for females. The per capita income for the village is $23,240. 15.2% of the population and 10.4% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 30.1% of those under the age of 18 and 12.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

posted @ 4:52 AM 0 comments

List-of-Swedes

This is a list of well known Swedes (and Finland-Swedes), ordered alphabetically within categories: For your consideration This is intended as a general list for the most well known Swedes, already having (or deserving) their own articles on. This means that individuals that, though they may have their own articles will not necessarily fit on the general list. The first place to look for the entry of a name is many times found in a sub lists. Some notable individuals may not fit any of the given categories any may be placed under other notables. Also: Please consider writing the article bio before adding an empty link to the list. > swedes

Actors

List of Swedish actors
Ann-Margret, entertainer
Ingrid Bergman, (1915-1982), actress
May Britt, (born 1933), actress
Anita Ekberg, actress
G�sta Ekman, (1920-1971), actor
Greta Garbo, (1905-1990), actress
Warner Oland (1879-1938)
Peter Stormare, actor
Stellan Skarsg�rd, actor
Max von Sydow, (born 1929), actor

Artists

List of Swedish artists
Ernst Josephson, (1851-1906)
Carl Larsson, (1859-1928), painter
Bruno Andreas Liljefors, (1860-1939), painter
Carl Milles, (1875-1955), Swedish sculptor
Alexander Roslin, (1718-1798), painter
Johan Tobias Sergel, (1740-1814), sculptor
Anders Zorn, (1860-1920), Swedish painter
Ingmar Bergman, (born 1918), film director

Clergymen

List of Swedish clergymen
Mikael Agricola, bishop and reformer
Laurentius Petri, archbishop and reformer
Olaus Petri, reformer
Nathan S�derblom, archbishop and Nobel Peace Prize laureate
Erik Trolle, bishop and statesman
Kettil Karlsson Vasa, bishop and statesman
Saint Birgitta, (1303-1373), patron saint of Europe
Emanuel Swedenborg, (1688-1772), writer, mystic and philosopher

Diplomats

List of Swedish diplomats
Folke Bernadotte, (1895-1948), count and diplomat
Hans Blix, (born 1928), diplomat
Rolf Ek�us, diplomat
Dag Hammarskj�ld, (1905-1961), secretary general of the UN
Raoul Wallenberg, (1912-????), diplomat

Entrepreneurs

List of Swedish entrepreneurs
Gustaf Dal�n, (1869-1937), inventor and entrepreneur
Lars Magnus Ericsson, (1846-1926), industrialist and founder of Ericsson
John Ericsson, (1803-1889), inventor and engineer
Nils Ericson, (1802-1860), railroad pioneer
Ingvar Kamprad, (born 1926), founder of IKEA
Ivar Kreuger, (1880-1932), industrialist and financier
Gustav de Laval, (1845-1913), industrialist
Alfred Nobel, (1833-1896), industrialist, instituted the Nobel Prizes

Film Directors

Ingmar Bergman
Lasse Hallstr�m
Oscar A.C. Lund
Lukas Moodysson
Alf Sj�berg
Vilgot Sj�man
Victor Sj�str�m (Victor Seastrom)
Mauritz Stiller
Bo Widerberg

Military commanders

List of Swedish military commanders
Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, (1757-1814) soldier
Per Brahe, (1602-1680), soldier and politician
Johan Ban�r, (1596-1641), soldier
Georg Carl von D�beln (1758-1820), soldier
Jacob Magnus Sprengtporten, (1727-1786), soldier and politician
Lennart Torstenson, (1603-1651), Field Marshal
Carl Gustaf Wrangel, (1613-1676), Field Marshal

Monarchs

List of Swedish monarchs
Carl XVI Gustav of Sweden, (born 1946), current
Charles XI of Sweden, (1655-1697)
Charles XII of Sweden, (1682-1718)
Christina of Sweden
Gustav II Adolph of Sweden (Gustav the Great) (1594-1632)
Gustav I of Sweden, (1496-1560)
Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, (born 1977), heir apparent

Music

List of Swedes in music
ABBA, undisputed most famous Swedish music group of all time
Ace of Base, band
Mikael �kerfeldt, lead singer of Opeth
Stikkan Anderson, (1931-1997), producer
Hugo Alfv�n, composer
Benny Andersson, musician/composer
Kurt Atterberg, composer
Carl Michael Bellman, (1740-1795), singer-songwriter
Wilhelm Peterson Berger, composer
Europe (band), band
Agnetha F�ltskog, (born 1950) lead singer from ABBA
Per Gessle, musician/composer solo and Roxette
Bo Hansson, musician
Jakob Hellman, pop singer
The Hives, band
Jenny Lind, singer
Christian Lindberg, musician
Anni-Frid Lyngstad, lead singer from ABBA
Dag Wolle, composer
Yngwie J. Malmsteen, regarded by many as the worlds most accomplished guitarist
Birgit Nilsson, singer
Christina Nilsson, (1843-1921), singer
John Norum, guitarist (but originally from Vardo Norway
Ann-Sofie von Otter, (born 1955), singer
Povel Ramel, (born 1922). singer
Robyn Carlsson, singer-songwriter
Johan Helmich Roman, the father of Swedish music
Roxette, duo
Wilhelm Stenhammar, composer
Evert Taube, singer-songwriter
Bj�rn Ulvaeus, musician/composer
Cornelis Vreeswijk, singer-songwriter, Considered Swedish, although he never recived a Swedish citizenship.

Politicians

List of Swedish politicians
Carl Bildt, former prime minister
Gustav Bonde, (1620-1667), statesman
Ingvar Carlsson, (born 1934), former prime minister
Tage Erlander, former prime minister
Axel von Fersen, (1755-1810), statesman
Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, (1622-1686), statesman
Louis De Geer, (1818-1896), former prime minister
Arvid Horn, (1664-1742), statesman
Anna Lindh, (1957-2003), foreign minister
Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, (1867-1951), military leader and President of Finland 1944-1946
Alva Myrdal, (1902-1986), politician, agitator
Axel Oxenstierna, (1583-1654), politician
Olof Palme, (1927-1986), former prime minister (assassinated)
G�ran Persson current Prime Minister of Sweden
Fredrik Reinfeldt, (born 1965), leader of Moderata samlingspartiet
Sten Sture the elder, (1470-1497 and 1501-1503), statesman
Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, (1861-1944), President of Finland 1931-1937

Science

List of Swedish scientists
Johann Arfvedson, (1792-1841), chemist
J�ns Jacob Berzelius, (1779-1848), chemist
Arvid Carlsson, (1923-), neuroscientist, winner of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology
Anders Celsius, (1701-1744), astronomer
Carolus Linnaeus, (1707-1778), botanist
Christopher Polhem, physicist
Olaus Rudbeckius, (1630-1702), medicine
Carl Wilhelm Scheele, (1742-1786), chemist
Anders Jonas �ngstr�m, (1857-1910), physicist

Sports

List of Swedes in sports
Markus N�slund (1973-) - ice hockey player
Bj�rn Borg (1956-) - tennis player
Kenny Br�ck - Indy Racing League driver
Carolina Kl�ft (1983-) - athletics
Stefan Edberg (1966-) - tennis player
Sven-G�ran Eriksson (1948-) - Football (soccer) coach
Magdalena Forsberg (1965-) - biathlon
Peter Forsberg (1973-) - ice hockey player
Gillis Grafstr�m (1893-1938) - figure skating Olympic and World Champion
Anders Graneheim (1962-) - bodybuilder
Tomas Gustafson - speed skater Olympic Gold and Silver medalist
Toini Gustafsson - cross country skiing Olympic Gold and Silver medalist
Zlatan Ibrahimovic (1981-) - football (soccer)er
Ingemar Johansson (1932-) - World Heavyweight Boxing Champion
Henrik Larsson (1971-) - football (soccer)er
Fredrik Ljungberg (1977-) - football (soccer)er
Hanna Ljungberg (1979-) - football (soccer)er
Mikael Ljungberg (1970-2004) Sport wrestling
Gunnar Nordahl - football (soccer)er
Magnus Norman tennis player
Jesper Parnevik - golfer
Tony Rickardsson - speedway motor racer
Ingemar Stenmark (1956-) - alpine skiing
Mats Sundin (1971-) - ice hockey player
Gunde Svan (1962-) - cross country skiing
Annika S�renstam (1970-) - golfer
Jan-Ove Waldner (1965-) - table tennis player
Thomas Wassberg - Cross country skier Olympic and World Champion
Pernilla Wiberg (1970-) - alpine skiing
Magnus Wislander - Handball player voted World player of the Century 1999

Writers

List of Swedish language writers
Frans G. Bengtsson, (1894-1954), novelist
Karin Boye, (1900-1941), poet and novelist
Fredrika Bremer, (1801-1865), writer
Stig Dagerman, (1923-1954), writer
Gunnar Ekel�f, (1907-1968), poet
Nils Ferlin, (1898-1961), poet.
Gustaf Fr�ding, (1860-1911), poet
Verner von Heidenstam, (1859-1940), writer
Erik Axel Karlfeldt, (1864-1931), poet and Nobel Prize in Literature laureate
Tove Jansson, (1914-2001), Finland-Swedish writer
Eyvind Johnson, (1900-1976), novelist and Nobel Prize in Literature laureate
P�r Lagerkvist, (1891-1974), writer
Selma Lagerl�f, (1858-1940), novelist and Nobel Prize in Literature laureate
Astrid Lindgren, (1907-2002), childrens author
Elias L�nnrot, (1802-1884), author of the Kalevala, the Finnish national epic
Harry Martinson, (1904-1978), poet and Nobel Prize in Literature laureate
Vilhelm Moberg, (1898-1973), novelist
Per Nilsson, (1953-)
Peter Pohl, (1940-)
Johan Ludvig Runeberg, (1804-1877), Finland-Swedish writer
August Strindberg, (1849-1912), novelist and playwright
Hjalmar S�derberg, (1868-1941), novelist and playwright
Edith S�dergran, (1892-1923), Finland-Swedish poet
Esaias Tegn�r,(1782-1846), writer
Zacharias Topelius, (1818-1898), national-romantic writer popular in Sweden and his native Finland

Other notables

Elsa Br�ndstr�m (1888-1948), The Angel of Siberia
Horace Engdahl (1948-), secretary of the Swedish Academy
Lars Johan Hierta (1801-1872), publicist
Sven Hedin (1865-1952), explorer
Marcus Samuelsson (1970-), chef
Linus Torvalds, (1969-), programmer and initiator of Linux
Bengt Wedholm, chef, introduced the pizza in Scandinavia
Edvard Westermarck, (1862-1939), philosopher
Georg Henrik von Wright, (1916-2003), philosopher

posted @ 4:51 PM 0 comments

Suitable-for-Framing

Suitable for Framing
Album by Three Dog Night
Released 1969
Recorded Musical genre music Pop/Rock music
Length Minute 08 Second
Record label Records Dunhill
Record producer Mekler
Professional reviews
All Music Guide link
Three Dog Night Chronology - Three Dog Night (album)
(1969) Suitable for Framing
(1969) Captured Live at the Forum
(1969) Suitable for Framing is the second album by United States rock music band Three Dog Night, released in 1969 (see 1969 in music).

Track listing

Feelin Alright (Hutton, Negron, Wells) - 3:39 Lady Samantha (Elton John, Bernie Taupin) - 2:53 Dreaming Isnt Good for You (Hutton) - 2:16 A Change Is Gonna Come (Sam Cooke) - 3:10 Elis Coming (Wells) - 2:41 Easy to Be Hard (Negron) - 3:11 Aint That a Lotta Love (Wells) - 2:16 King Solomons Mines (Sneed, Three Dog Night) - 2:29 Circle for a Landing (Hutton) - 2:20 Celebrate (Hutton, Negron, Wells) - 3:13

Personnel

Mike Allsup - guitar
Jimmy Greenspoon - keyboard instrument
Danny Hutton - vocals
Chuck Negron - vocals
Joe Schermie - bass guitar
Floyd Sneed - bass, drums
Cory Wells - vocals

Production

Producer: Gabriel Mekler
Engineer: Bill Cooper, Richard Podolor
Art direction: Wayne Kimbell
Photography: Ed Caraeff

Charts

Album - Billboard magazine (North America) Year Chart Position
1969 Pop Albums 16
Singles - Billboard (North America) Year Single Chart Position
1970 Celebrate Pop Singles 15

posted @ 4:51 AM 0 comments

Independent-International-Commission-on-Decommissioning

The Independent International Commission on Decommissioning (IICoD) was established to oversee the decommissioning of paramilitary weapons in Northern Ireland, as part of the Northern Ireland peace process. The International Body, set up during the ceasefires to report on how decommissioning might be achieved, presented its report on 22nd January 1996. This recommended that the decommissioning process should take place to the satisfaction of an independent commission. The Decommissioning Act, 1997 in Ireland and the Northern Ireland Arms Decommissioning Act 1997 in the United Kingdom enabled such a body, which was then set up in an agreement between the British and Irish governments on 26 August 1997. The Commission was made up of:
General John de Chastelain, the Chairman, from Canada
Brigadier Tauno Nieminen, from Finland, and
Andrew D. Sens, from the United States Its objective was to facilitate the decommissioning of firearms, ammunition, explosives and explosives, by:
consulting with the two governments, the participants in the ongoing negotiations in Northern Ireland, and other relevant groups,
devising and presenting to the governments a set of proposals on how to achieve decommissioning,
facilitating the process by observing, monitoring and verifying decommissioning, and receiving and auditing arms, and
reporting periodically on progress. In the Belfast Agreement the participants: reaffirmed their commitment to the total disarmament of all paramilitary organisations, and confirmed their intention to continue to work constructively and in good faith with the Independent Commission, and to use any influence they may have, to achieve the decommissioning of all paramilitary arms within two years following endorsement in referendums North and South of the agreement and in the context of the implementation of the overall settlement. In the event, progress on decommissioning was disappointingly slow, and the two-year target was not met.

posted @ 4:54 PM 0 comments

Berger,-Missouri

Berger is a city located in Franklin County, Missouri. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 206. Berger is home to a well-known microbrewery, Gruhlks Microbrewery.

Geography

Berger is located at 38�4029 North, 91�2017 West (38.674677, -91.338166) GR 1. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.8 square kilometer (0.3 square mile). 0.8 km� (0.3 mi�) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.

Demographics

As of the census GR 2 of 2000, there are 206 people, 85 households, and 56 families residing in the city. The population density is 265.1/km� (686.7/mi�). There are 100 housing units at an average density of 128.7/km� (333.4/mi�). The racial makeup of the city is 97.57% White (U.S. Census), 0.49% African American (U.S. Census), 0.00% Native American (U.S. Census), 0.49% Asian (U.S. Census), 0.00% Pacific Islander (U.S. Census), 0.00% from Race (U.S. Census), and 1.46% from two or more races. 0.00% of the population are Hispanic (U.S. Census) or Latino (U.S. Census) of any race. There are 85 households out of which 25.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.3% are Marriage living together, 9.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 34.1% are non-families. 31.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 18.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.42 and the average family size is 3.09. In the city the population is spread out with 25.7% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 24.8% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 18.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 41 years. For every 100 females there are 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 91.3 males. The median income for a household in the city is $32,083, and the median income for a family is $42,188. Males have a median income of $31,406 versus $21,667 for females. The per capita income for the city is $18,460. 5.8% of the population and 3.5% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 0.0% of those under the age of 18 and 17.4% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

posted @ 4:52 AM 0 comments

1917-in-rail-transport

Year in rail transport prev 1916 curr 1917 next 1918 decade 1910

Events

March events

March 12 - The Pere Marquette Railroad is reincorporated as the Pere Marquette Railway.

December events

December 28 - The United States federal government takes control of American railroads under the United States Railroad Administration for World War I.

Unknown date events

The Tanana Valley Railroad in Fairbanks, Alaska (a predecessor of the Alaska Railroad) enters receivership.
The Arcade and Attica Railroad is incorporated.
Construction is completed on the Trans-Siberian Railway.
The longest cantilever bridge in the world, Canadian National Railways bridge across the St. Lawrence River at Quebec City, opens for rail traffic.

Births

Deaths

References

Middleton, William D., (February 2002), Quebec lights up its big bridge, Trains Magazine, p. 16-17.

posted @ 4:51 PM 0 comments

Eastern-Freshwater-Cod

Regnum	Animalia
Phylum	Chordate
Classis	Actinopterygii
Ordo	Perciformes
Familia	Percichthyidae
Genus	Maccullochella
Species	ikei

Maccullochella ikei The Eastern Freshwater Cod (Maccullochella ikei) is a freshwater fish belonging to the family Percichthyidae, it is not a true cod. The Eastern Freshwater Cod is native to the Clarence River and Richmond Rivers and their tributaries in north-eastern Australia. It is similar in appearance to Murray Cod M. peelii. They are generally a yellow green to golden colour, with a speckled pattern of black to very dark green spots. Eastern cod have been recorded to 41kg. Eastern freshwater cod are often found in clear, flowing streams with rocky beds and deep holes. They are sexually mature at 4 or 5 years old. They are territory (animal) and aggressive. The Eastern cod is known to prey upon other fishes, frogs, crustaceans and snakes. A long-lived, slow-growing species,its population is seriously threatened by overfishing and unfavorable environmental factors. Native populations are now considered extinct in Richmond River. An aggressive restocking programme is now undertaken by the government of New South Wales. The species is now totally protected.

posted @ 4:51 AM 2 comments

Milan,-Ohio

Milan is a village located in Erie County, Ohio and Huron County, Ohio counties in Ohio. As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 1,445.

History and Culture

Milan was the birthplace of inventor and businessman Thomas A. Edison, and there is a small local museum dedicated to Edisons early life and works. Melon farming prospers in the area due to sandy, fertile soil, and Milan hosts the Milan Melon Festival annually on Labor Day weekend. Milan shares its school system with nearby Berlin Heights, Ohio, the combined school district is known as the Edison Schools, and the high school teams are the Edison Chargers. Although many residents commute to other cities for employment, the general culture of the area is decidedly rural and agricultural.

Geography

Milan is located at 41�1736 North, 82�365 West (41.293278, -82.601323) GR 1. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 3.0 square kilometer (1.2 square mile). None of the area is covered with water. The Huron River (Ohio) flows just north of the village square.

Demographics

As of the census GR 2 of 2000, there are 1,445 people, 540 households, and 406 families residing in the village. The population density is 476.9/km� (1,229.9/mi�). There are 574 housing units at an average density of 189.4/km� (488.6/mi�). The racial makeup of the village is 98.13% White (U.S. Census), 0.55% African American (U.S. Census), 0.21% Native American (U.S. Census), 0.35% Asian (U.S. Census), 0.00% Pacific Islander (U.S. Census), 0.28% from Race (U.S. Census), and 0.48% from two or more races. 0.90% of the population are Hispanic (U.S. Census) or Latino (U.S. Census) of any race. There are 540 households out of which 33.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.2% are Marriage living together, 10.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 24.8% are non-families. 22.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.55 and the average family size is 2.98. In the village the population is spread out with 24.9% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 25.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 41 years. For every 100 females there are 92.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 86.1 males. The median income for a household in the village is $51,204, and the median income for a family is $57,986. Males have a median income of $42,426 versus $26,027 for females. The per capita income for the village is $23,143. 4.6% of the population and 3.20% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 7.0% of those under the age of 18 and 3.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

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Cuyamaca,-California

Cuyamaca is a region of eastern San Diego County. It lies east of the Capitan-Grande Indian Reservation in the western Laguna Mountains, north of Descanso, California and south of Julian, California. Originally a Mexican land grant the region is now dominated by the 26,000 acre (105 km�) Cuyamaca Rancho State Park. Within the park is the prominent Cuyamaca Mountain, the second-highest mountain in San Diego County at 6,512 feet (1,985 m). In 1889 Cuyamaca Dam was completed creating Cuyamaca Reservoir. The village of Cuyamaca consists of approximately 145 homes on a hill west of the reservoir. The name is a Spain corruption of the Kumeyaay phrase Ah-Ha Kwe-Ah Mac, which approximately means the place where it rains. Cuyamaca is a popular toponym (place name) lending its name to streets, businesses and a community college in the San Diego, California area. On October 27, 2003 most of the Cuyamaca region was destroyed by the Cedar Fire. 25,000 acres (101 km�) in the state park and 120 homes in the village of Cuyamaca were burned.

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Naples,-Florida

Naples is a city located in Collier County, Florida. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 20,976.

Geography

Naples is located at 26�911 North, 81�4755 West (26.152941, -81.798510) GR 1 on U.S. Highway 41 between Miami, Florida (to the east) and Sarasota, Florida (to the north). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 37.3 square kilometer (14.4 square mile). 31.2 km� (12.0 mi�) of it is land and 6.2 km� (2.4 mi�) of it is water. The total area is 16.53% water.

Area Attractions

North of Naples off Interstate 75 (Exit 17 or 111) is the Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary. The city is served by Naples Municipal Airport for domestic-only flights, the nearby Southwest Florida International Airport, however, handles the bulk of traffic in and out of the region.

Demographics

As of the census GR 2 of 2000, there are 20,976 people, 10,803 households, and 6,568 families residing in the city. The population density is 673.2/km� (1,744.3/mi�). There are 16,956 housing units at an average density of 544.2/km� (1,410.0/mi�). The racial makeup of the city is 92.50% White (U.S. Census), 4.65% African American (U.S. Census), 0.12% Native American (U.S. Census), 0.33% Asian (U.S. Census), 0.02% Pacific Islander (U.S. Census), 0.30% from Race (U.S. Census), and 2.07% from two or more races. 2.23% of the population are Hispanic (U.S. Census) or Latino (U.S. Census) of any race. There are 10,803 households out of which 10.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% are Marriage living together, 5.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 39.2% are non-families. 34.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 20.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 1.92 and the average family size is 2.38. In the city the population is spread out with 10.9% under the age of 18, 2.3% from 18 to 24, 14.5% from 25 to 44, 30.0% from 45 to 64, and 42.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 61 years. For every 100 females there are 86.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 83.9 males. The median income for a household in the city is $65,641, and the median income for a family is $83,831. Males have a median income of $50,092 versus $30,948 for females. The per capita income for the city is $61,141. 5.9% of the population and 3.1% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 15.1% of those under the age of 18 and 3.3% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

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Adrenergic-receptor

The adrenergic receptors (or adrenoceptors) are a class of G-protein coupled receptors that is the target of catecholamines. Adrenergic Receptor (biochemistry)s specifically bind their endogenous ligands, the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline (also called epinephrine and norepinephrine) and are activated by these. Many cells possess these receptors, and the binding of an agonist will generally cause the cell to respond in a flight-fight manner. For instance, the heart will start beating quicker and the pupils will dilate.

Sub-types of adrenergic receptors

There are several types of adrenergic receptors, but there are five main groups:

Alpha-1 receptors

In blood vessels these cause vasoconstriction. Blood vessels with alpha-1 receptors are present in the skin and the gastrointestinal system, and during the flight-or-fight response there is decreased blood flow to these organs. This is the reason people can appear pale when theyve been frightened.

Alpha-2 receptors

When an agonist binds to an ₂receptor, cyclic AMP levels within the cell decrease. These are found on pre-synapse nerve terminals.

Beta-1 receptors

These are present in heart tissue, and cause an increased heart rate by acting on the cardiac pacemaker cells. Many beta-blockers used for treatment of angina will mainly affect these receptors and the beta-2 receptors to a lesser extent. These are referred to as cardio-selective beta-blockers.

Beta-2 receptors

These are in the vessels of skeletal muscle, and cause vasodilation, which allows more blood to flow to the muscles, and reduces total peripheral resistance. These tend to work with adrenaline (epinephrine), but not noradrenaline (norepinephrine). Beta-2 receptors are also in bronchial smooth muscle, and cause bronchodilation when activated. Some asthma medications, such as the bronchodilator salbutamol (Ventolin) work by binding to and stimulatinng the ₂ receptors. Non-selective beta-blocking drugs, such as propranolol (Inderal), can represent a risk to people with asthma by blocking the beta-2 receptors, causing bronchoconstriction.

Beta-3 receptors

Beta-3 receptors are present in adipose tissue and are thought to have a role in the regulation of lipid metabolism.

posted @ 4:55 AM 0 comments

Phalaenopsis

Taxobox-begin color lightgreen name Phalaenopsis Taxobox-image image caption Phalaenopsis hybrid Taxobox-begin-placement color lightgreen Taxobox-regnum-entry taxon Plantae Taxobox-divisio-entry taxon Flowering plant Taxobox-classis-entry taxon Monocotyledon Taxobox-ordo-entry taxon Asparagales Taxobox-familia-entry taxon Orchidaceae Taxobox subfamilia entry taxon Epidendroideae Taxobox tribus entry taxon Vandeae Taxobox subtribus entry taxon Aeridinae Taxobox alliance entry taxon Phalaenopsis Taxobox genus entry taxon Phalaenopsis Taxobox-end-placement Taxobox-section-subdivision color lightgreen plural-taxon Species See text Taxobox-end Phalaenopsis (Carl Ludwig Blume 1825) is a genus of approximately 60 species of Orchidaceae (family Orchidaceae). The generic name originates from the Greek phalaina, �moth� and opsis, �like�, descriptive of the inflorescences of some species, which resemble moths in flight. For this reason, �Phals� are sometimes called �Moth orchids�. They are native throughout Southeast Asia from the Himalayas mountains to the Philippines and Northern Australia. Orchid Island of Taiwan is named after this orchid. Most are epiphyte shade plants, a few are lithophytes. In the wild they are typically found below the canopies of moist and humid lowland forests, protected against direct sunlight. Phalaenopsis shows a monopodial growth habit. An erect growing rhizome produces from the top one or two alternate, thick and fleshy, elleptical leaf a year. The older, basal leaves drop off at the same rate. The plant retains in this way four to five leaves. They have no pseudobulbs. The raceme appears from the stem between the leaves. They bloom in their full glory for several weeks. The species can be classified into two groups
A group with a long, branched inflorescence (up to 1 m long) and large, almost round flowers with rose or white tints.
A group with short stems and less rounded, waxy flowers with more pronounced colors. Intensive cross-fertilization has produced a great number of hybrids in all colors and variations. Phalaenopsis are among the most popular orchids sold as potted plants owing to the ease of propagation and flowering under artificial conditions. They were among the first tropical orchids in Victorian era collections. They are extremely easy to grow and flower in the home, as long as some care is taken to provide them with conditions that approximate their native habitats. In nature, they are typically fond of warm temperatures (68 to 95 F/20 to 35 C), but are adaptable to conditions more comfortable for human habitation in temperate zones (60 to 86 F/15 to 30 C). Phals require high humidity (60-70%) and low light of 1,200 to 2,000 foot-candles (12 to 20 klx)). Flowering is triggered by a daily drop in temperature of around 10 degrees Fahrenheit (or 6 degrees Celsius) for 2 to 4 consecutive weeks. Innumerable horticultural hybrids of Phalaenopsis have been created over the years, and these are usually more adaptable to artificial conditions than their botanical ancestors. Most are hybrids of Phalaenopsis amabilis with Phalaenopsis schilleriana or Phalaenopsis stuartiana.

Species

Phalaenopsis amabilis Moon Orchid (Malaysia to Papuasia)
Phalaenopsis amabilis subsp. amabilis (Malaysia to Papuasia). Hemicr. or cham.
Phalaenopsis amabilis subsp. moluccana (NE. Borneo to Maluku). Hemicr. or cham.
Phalaenopsis amabilis subsp. rosenstromii (New Guinea to N. & NE. Queensland). Hemicr. or cham.
Phalaenopsis amboinensis (Sulawesi to Maluku).
Phalaenopsis amboinensis var. amboinensis (Sulawesi to Maluku). Hemicr. or cham.
Phalaenopsis amboinensis var. flavida (Sulawesi) Hemicr. or cham.
Phalaenopsis aphrodite (SE. Taiwan to Philippines).
Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. aphrodite (Philippines) Hemicr. or cham.
Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana (SE. Taiwan). Hemicr. or cham.
Phalaenopsis appendiculata (Pen. Malaysia).
Phalaenopsis bastianii (Philippines - Sulu Arch.).
Phalaenopsis bellina (Borneo).
Phalaenopsis borneensis (Borneo).
Phalaenopsis braceana (E. Himalaya to China - Yunnan).
Phalaenopsis buyssoniana (Indo-China).
Phalaenopsis celebensis (Sulawesi).
Phalaenopsis chibae (Vietnam).
Phalaenopsis cochlearis (Pen. Malaysia to Borneo).
Phalaenopsis corningiana Red Moon Orchid (Borneo - Sarawak).
Phalaenopsis cornu-cervi (Indo-China to W. Malesia and Philippines).
Phalaenopsis deliciosa (Indian Subcontinent to Malesia).
Phalaenopsis deliciosa subsp. deliciosa (Indian Subcontinent to Malaysia). Hemicr. or cham.
Phalaenopsis deliciosa subsp. hookeriana (E. Himalaya to SC. China). Hemicr. or cham.
Phalaenopsis doweryensis (Borneo - Sabah).
Phalaenopsis equestris (Taiwan (Hsiao Lan Y�) to Philippines).
Phalaenopsis fasciata (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis fimbriata (W. Malaysia).
Phalaenopsis floresensis (Lesser Sunda Is.).
Phalaenopsis fuscata (Vietnam to W. & C. Malaysia)
Phalaenopsis gibbosa (Vietnam).
Phalaenopsis gigantea (Borneo).
Phalaenopsis hainanensis (Hainan, China - Yunnan).
Phalaenopsis hieroglyphica (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis honghenensis (China - Yunnan).
Phalaenopsis javanica (W. Java).
Phalaenopsis kunstleri (Myanmar to Pen. Malaysia).
Phalaenopsis lamelligera (N. Borneo).
Phalaenopsis lindenii (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis lobbii (E. Himalaya to Myanmar).
Phalaenopsis lowii (Myanmar to W. Thailand).
Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis luteola (NW. Borneo).
Phalaenopsis maculata (Pen. Malaysia, Borneo).
Phalaenopsis mannii (E. Nepal to China - S. Yunnan).
Phalaenopsis mariae (Borneo to Philippines).
Phalaenopsis mastersii (Assam to Myanmar).
Phalaenopsis micholitzii (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis modesta (Borneo).
Phalaenopsis mysorensis (S. India).
Phalaenopsis pallens (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis pantherina (Borneo).
Phalaenopsis parishii (E. Himalaya to Myanmar, Vietnam).
Phalaenopsis philippinensis (Philippines - Luzon).
Phalaenopsis pulcherrima (Hainan to W. Malaysia).
Phalaenopsis pulchra (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis regnieriana (Thailand).
Phalaenopsis reichenbachiana (Philippines - Mindanao).
Phalaenopsis robinsonii (Maluku -Ambon).
Phalaenopsis sanderiana (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis schilleriana (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis speciosa (Andaman Is., Nicobar Is).
Phalaenopsis stuartiana (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis sumatrana (S. Sumatra).
Phalaenopsis taenialis (Himalaya to SC. China)
Phalaenopsis tetraspsis (Andaman Is., Nicobar Is., NW. Sumatra).
Phalaenopsis venosa (Sulawesi).
Phalaenopsis violacea (Pen. Malaysia to Sumatra).).
Phalaenopsis viridis (Sumatra).
Phalaenopsis wilsonii (SE. Tibet to SC. China to W. Guangxi).
Phalaenopsis zebrina (Indo-China to W. Malesia).

Natural hybrids

Phalaenopsis � amphitrita (P. sanderiana � P. stuartiana) (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis � gersenii (P. sumatrana � P. violacea) (Borneo, Sumatra).
Phalaenopsis � intermedia (P. aphrodite � P. equestris) Star of Leyte (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis � leucorrhoda (P. aphrodite � P. schilleriana) (Philippines).
Phalaenopsis � singuliflora (P. bellina � P. sumatrana) (Borneo).
Phalaenopsis � veitchiana (P. equestris � P. schilleriana) (Philippines).

Reference

Harper, Tom. �Phalaenopsis Culture: Advice for Growing 20 Species.� Orchids Magazine, Volume 73, No. 2 (February 2004). Delray Beach, FL: American Orchid Society, 2004.
Leroy-Terquem, Gerald and Jean Parisot. Orchids: Care and Cultivation. London: Cassel Publishers Ltd., 1991.
Schoser, Gustav. Orchid Growing Basics. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., 1993.
White, Judy. Taylor�s Guide to Orchids. Frances Tenenbaum, Series Editor. New York: Houghton-Mifflin, 1996.

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R.-M.-Hare

Richard Mervyn Hare (1919-2002) was an English moral philosopher, whose meta-ethics theories were influential during the second half of the 20th century.

Biography

Hare attended Balliol College at University of Oxford. He served in the Royal Artillery and was a prisoner of the Japanese from the fall of Singapore in 1942 to the end of the Second World War. This experience had a lasting impact on his philosophical views, particularly his belief that one had to imagine oneself in another persons position. After the war, Hare returned to Oxford (1947-1983), where he held various positions, including Whites Professor of Moral Philosophy (1966-1983). His last academic association was with the University of Florida, where he was Graduate Research Professor of Philosophy (1983-1994). Some of his students would later become famous, such as Brian McGuinness, Bernard Williams and, perhaps best known outside of philsophical circles, Peter Singer, who has explicitly adopted many elements of Hares thought.

Influences

A product of his time, Hare was greatly influenced by the emotivism of Alfred Ayer and Charles L. Stevenson, the ordinary language philosophy of J.L. Austin, and the later philsophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein. Hare was also greatly influenced by utilitarian philosophy and by the ideas of Immanuel Kant. Hare held that ethical rules should not be based on a principle of utility, though he was willing to take into account utilitarian considerations in making ethical judgments. This distinguishes his views from more classical utilitarians (e.g., Jeremy Bentham). Indeed, Hare is as much of a Kantian as he is a utilitarian, as he makes clear in his book, Sorting Out Ethics.

Universal Prescriptivism

In a series of books, especially The Language of Morals, Freedom and Reason, and Moral Thinking, Hare gave shape to a theory that he called universal prescriptivism. According to it, moral terms such as good, ought and right have two logical (i.e. semantic) properties: universalizability and prescriptivity. By the former, moral judgments must identify the situation that they describe by a finite set of universal terms (this excludes proper names, but not definite descriptions). By the latter, moral agents must perform those acts that they consider morally obligatory whenever they are physically and psychologically able to do them. Hare noted that the combination of the two properties leads to a certain form of consequentialism, namely, preference utilitarianism. To see how this works, the reader can imagine the following situation. Suppose you require a big sum of money and ask a friend to lend it to you. He refuses. So you claim that it is wrong for him to do so. Wrong is a moral term, so, according to Hare, you must abide by its logical properties. The first property, universalizability, demands that you give a description of the situation using only universal terms. So you say: Whenever I ask a friend for a big sum of money, it is wrong for her to refuse to give it to me. But this violates the universalizability requirement, insofar as the description contains the terms I and me, which do not designate a universal property, but denote an individual instead. So you try again: Whenver someone asks a friend for a big sum of money, it is wrong for her to refuse the request. This new description satisfies the universalizability requirement, as all its terms are universal. This requirement aroused from the first property of the moral terms, let us now examine that which arises from its second, i.e., prescriptivity. We must, then, see whether you are willing to act according to your initial judgment. At first sight, it would seem that this does not apply to you: if you consider it wrong for your friend to refuse to lend you a big sum of money, it is your friend, not you, the one who should be acting accordingly. However -and here is where the two properties combine and the philosophically interesting results appear-, universalizability allows for the same judgment to be made irrespective of your position in the situation. In other words, as you had to deprive the description of its particular (i.e. non-universal) terms, it is now impossible for you to exclude yourself from the possibility of being in the situation that your friend was. So, by universalizability, if you happened to be, not the one asking, but the one asked for the money, the same moral judgment ought to apply, and, by prescriptivity, you would have to act accordingly. If you were not prepared to do what the judgment asked you to do, i.e., lend the big sum of money, then you would be violating one of the requirements of morality, and in fact you wouldnt be uttering a moral judgment at all. To re-enter the moral discourse, you would have to modify your original judgment so that, once universalized, you would still be able to act in the way it would ask you to act. By a series of (universal) conjectures and (prescriptive) refutations -akin to philosopher Karl Poppers falsificationism (see Freedom and Reason, chapter 4)- you would eventually arrive at the right moral judgment, which would be the one you would prefer in all the possible situations. In each case, however, one cannot simply put oneself in anothers shoes, as it were, one must also adopt the universal properties of the perspectives of the other person. Universal prescriptivism, thus, leads to preference utilitarianism. And so, according to Hare, does Immanuel-Kant: to demand, as Kants first formulation of the categorical imperative does, that you could will that your maxim be a universal law, is to ask the moral agent to prescribe that judgment that she could accept were she in any of the positions involved which of course is exactly Hares point.

Importance of Specificity

It is important to point out that Hare departs from Kants views that one must use only the most general maxims of conduct (e.g., Do Not Steal) and ignore consequences in applying the categorical imperative. Otherwise one ends up with absurdities, for example, it would be immoral to steal a terrorists plans to blow up a nuclear facility, notwithstanding the fact it could result in many deaths and injuries. Hare believes that we must universalize our prescriptions only having considered the specific facts of a circumstance (including the probable consequences) and, in particular, the relevant, universal properties of the facts, including the psychological states of others.

Hare in Applied Ethics

While Hare was primarily interested in foundational and theoretical matters, some have used his universal prescriptivism in applied ethics, for example, Michael E. Berumen uses it as the technique for evaulating exceptions to certain moral rules, and Peter Singer uses it as a means of judging conduct, though, unlike Hare, Singer seems to base his system on a princple of utility.

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Infrared-Optical-Telescope-Array

IOTA began with an agreement in 1988 among five Institutions, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Harvard University, the University of Massachusetts, the University of Wyoming, and MIT/Lincoln Laboratory, to build a two-telescope stellar interferometer for the purpose of making fundamental astrophysical observations, and also as a prototype instrument on which we could perfect techniques which could later lead to the development of a larger, more powerful array. On site construction went on for all 1993 and 1994, with first fringes in December 1993. In 2000 the third telescope came online providing closure phase observations, allowing aperture synthesis to be performed for the first time at IOTA.

Related Pages

List-of-astronomical-interferometers-at-visible-and-infrared-wavelengths

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Paroedura

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image here
Regnum	Animalia
Phylum	Chordate
Classis	Reptile
Ordo	Squamata
Subordo	Sauria
Familia	Gekkonidae
Genus	Paroedura

Species 15, see text

Classification of genus Paroedura:

Paroedura androyensis
Paroedura bastardi
Paroedura gracilis
Paroedura homalorhinus
Paroedura karstophila
Paroedura lohatsara
Paroedura maingoka
Paroedura masobe
Paroedura oviceps
Paroedura picta
Paroedura sanctijohannis
Paroedura stumpffi
Paroedura tanjaka
Paroedura vahiny
Paroedura vazimba stub

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Afghanistan-timeline-1956-1960

Timeline of Afghan history NOTOC

January 27, 1956

King Zahir approves the new cabinet still headed by Mohammad Daud Khan, a kings cousin, who also holds the portfolio of defense, Naim Khan, another kings cousin, continues as foreign minister and second deputy premier, Ali Mohammad Khan becomes first deputy premier. Daud has thus finally succeeded in ousting from the government the supporters of Gen. Mohammad Arif, minister of defense, who was dismissed and put under arrest at the beginning of December 1955. At the same time more than 70 other persons, both army officers and civilians, were also arrested.

January 28, 1956

A joint Soviet-Afghan statement says that the U.S.S.R. will ensure delivery of equipment and materials on account of the $100,000,000 credit granted in December 1955, and will also grant other services connected with technical assistance in building certain installations in many branches of Afghan economy. According to Pakistani sources, $40,000,000 of the Soviet credits is earmarked for arms from the U.S.S.R. and Czechoslovakia and $60,000,000 for building airports and roads.

March 21- March 22 22, 1956

On his way to India, Anastas Mikoyan stays in Kabul.

July 1956

Adnan Menderes, the Turkey Turkish prime minister, pays a five-day visit to Afghanistan.

August 1956

Maj.Gen. Iskandar Mirza, the president of Pakistan, stays four days in the Afghan capital. It is believed that both Menderes and Mirza discussed at Kabul the possibility of Afghanistans joining the Baghdad Pact, the problems of the Pathan or Pakhtu tribesmen, and their aspiration for a Pakhtunistan state.

November 1956

Mohammad Daud, the Afghan prime minister, visits Karachi, Pakistan. No mention is made thereafter in Afghan official statements of the Pakhtunistan question, that is, Afghan plans to create a separate state for Pakhtu-speaking peoples in Pakistan.

April and May 1957

Mohammad Daud visits Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Turkey, and Egypt.

June 8- June 11 11, 1957

H.S. Suhrawardi, the prime minister of Pakistan, visits Kabul and, as a result of his conversation with Mohammad Daud, the two governments agree to restore full diplomatic relations between the two countries.

July 17- July 31 31, 1957

King Mohammad Zahir Shah, accompanied by Mohammad Naim, deputy premier and minister of foreign affairs (also a cousin of the king and his brother-in-law), pays a state visit to the U.S.S.R. After a few days in Moscow, the king tours the Soviet Union. On his return to Moscow he and Kliment Voroshilov, chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, sign on July 30 a joint communiqu� emphasizing the desire of their governments to develop and promote the welfare of their countries, the king explains to the Soviet statesmen the neutral policy of Afghanistan and the two parties affirm that the principle of peaceful coexistence between all the nations is in tune with the principles of the UN Charter. A statement is issued on July 31 that Soviet technicians will assist Afghanistan in prospecting for oil in the Maiman and Mazar-i-Sharif areas, near the Soviet frontier. On August 31 Mohammad Naim announces at Kabul that Afghanistan will receive about $25,000,000 worth of Soviet military material.

August 26, 1957

King Mohammad Zahir arrives in Turkey for a 15-day official visit.

Autumn 1957

Mohammad Daud Khan, the prime minister, pays a visit to Burma and to the Peoples Republic of China where, on October 25, Mao Zedong gives a banquet to honour the representative of a nation that valiantly resisted colonialism.

1958

The five-year development plan, begun in 1957, is being revised on the basis of experience gained. The total expenditure envisaged amounts to 5,708,600,000 afghanis at an average yearly rate of 1,141,700,000 afghanis. This means a rate of investment equal to 8% of the national income. Three-fourths of the total development plan is to be financed from national sources, and the remainder from foreign assistance. The total foreign exchange requirement is estimated at $196,000,000. According to the U.S. International Cooperation Administration, Afghanistan received from the United States $18,300,000 of economic aid in 1955-56 and $14,400,000 in 1956-57. The amount for 1957-58 is estimated at $5,800,000.

February 1, 1958

King Mohammad Zahir Shah pays an official visit to Pakistan. He also visits India in February. In his speech at the banquet given by Pres. Rajendra Prasad, the king speaks of the traditionally neutral policy of his country and of the lasting friendship between India and Afghanistan.

May 30, 1958

In Kabul, the representatives of Pakistan and Afghanistan sign an agreement guaranteeing reciprocal transit rights across each others territory.

June 24, 1958

The Afghan prime minister arrives in Washington, where he addresses both the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate.

September 2, 1958

Vili�m Sirok�, the prime minister of Czechoslovakia, arrives in Kabul.

September 12- September 20 20, 1958

Celal Bayar, president of Turkey, is the guest of King Mohammad Zahir.

October 1, 1958

Kliment Voroshilov, chairman of the presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R., makes a return visit of friendship to Afghanistan.

1959

The budget estimates for September 23, 1958-September 22, 1959 (1337-38 in the Afghan calendar), amount to a revenue of 1,455,122,000 afghanis (including 521,192,000 afghanis from foreign loans) and to an expenditure of 1,455,107,962 afghanis. (The afghani is worth about five U.S. cents.) Between the fiscal years 1955-56 and 1957-58 the amounts of Afghan exports rose from 1,527,000,000 afghanis to 1,984,000,000 afghanis, the main destinations being India, the U.S.S.R., the United States, the United Kingdom, and Poland.

1959

Emancipation of women comes about with the abolition of the veil and the chadri (the shroud-like head-to-toe gown).

February 1959

The Afghan prime minister visits New Delhi.

May 1959

The Afghan prime minister is on an official visit in Moscow, where he confers with Nikita Khrushchev. An agreement on the expansion of Soviet-Afghan economic and technical cooperation is signed on May 28. Among other things, it provides for Soviet assistance in the construction of the Kushka-Herat-Kandahar motor road, more than 740 km long.

May 1959

The reconstruction of the Kabul airport starts with Soviet help.

August 24, 1959

Speaking at Kabul on the Afghan national day, King Mohammad Zahir Shah comments, traditionally, on the problem of Pashtunistan, still awaiting a peaceful and just solution. Mohammad Daud Khan, the prime minister, explains to the correspondent of a Japanese press agency that the Pashtun problem has existed for a century and arose when part of Afghanistan was annexed to British India - the Pakistan of today.

September 1959

Jawaharlal Nehru, the Indian prime minister, pays a return visit to Kabul.

September 1959

Mohammad Naim, Afghan foreign minister, pays an official visit to Peking.

September 1959

The Ariana Afghan Airlines extend their services from Kabul to Frankfurt, Germany, through Ankara, Turkey, and Prague, Czechoslovakia.

1960

The U.S.S.R. has by this year spent or committed about $300,000,000 in economic aid to Afghanistan. The latest Soviet enterprise is the building of the Salang highway across the Hindu Kush range to shorten the route between Kabul and the northern provinces by 190 km. The Soviet government promises $22,400,000 in aid to construct the Jalalabad dam on the Kabul river to provide electricity to the capital. Soviet technicians find petroleum in the area of Mazar-i-Sharif, on the Afghan side of the Amu Darya (Oxus) river. United States economic aid to Afghanistan totals by 1960 about $165,000,000, including a loan of $50,000,000. The National Assembly approves the budget estimate for the year 1960-61, balanced at 4,500,000,000 afghanis. Abdullah Malikyar, minister of finance, declares that a total of 2,540,000,000 afghanis of the budget expenditure will be used to implement the last year of the 1957-61 development plan.

January 1960

Mohammad Naim visits Karachi, Pakistan. In late February he holds a press conference at Kabul, in which he complains of the completely negative attitude of Pakistan toward the Afghan claim to Pashtunistan (the former North-West Frontier Province in which, according to Kabul, 7,000,000 Pathan tribesmen are anxious to join Afghanistan).

March 2- March 5 5, 1960

Nikita Khrushchev, the prime minister of the U.S.S.R., visits Kabul. In a joint statement Khrushchev and Mohammad Daud, the Afghan prime minister, declare that in order to establish peace in the Middle East the application of the principle of self-determination is the reasonable way to solve the problems of Pashtunistan.

August 1960

At Kabul, a ten-year Sino-Afghan treaty of friendship is signed by Mohammad Daud and Chen Yi, the deputy premier and foreign minister of Communist China.

September 1960

Speaking at the UN General Assembly Mohammad Naim, the deputy prime minister and foreign minister, describes his countrys position as most impartial and independent in international affairs, its only alliance being its membership in the United Nations.

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Sertraline

Sertraline hydrochloride (Zoloft�, Lustral�, Apo-Sertral�, Asentra�, Gladem�, Serlift�, Stimuloton�) is an orally administered antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) type. Sertraline is used medically mainly to treat the symptoms of Clinical depression. Sertraline is manufactured by Pfizer as small green 25 mg tablets, blue 50 mg tablets, or off-yellow 100 mg tablets. (In Australia it is available as white tablets in 25, 50 or 100mg doses.) It is used in dosages of between 25 mg and a maximum of 200 mg per day. It has also been prescribed for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety. It was first approved by the FDA in 1997. It has a number of adverse effects including insomnia, asthenia, gastrointestinal complaints, tremours, confusion, and dizziness, it can induce mania or hypomania in around 0.5% of patients. One property of sertraline is that it appears to be also a minor inhibitor of dopamine reuptake. It is contraindicated in individuals taking MAOIs or undergoing electroconvulsive therapy. In June of 2003, Britain banned the use of Zoloft for children under 18 after studies showed a link to increased suicide. The complete chemical name for Sertraline hydrochloride is (1S)-cis-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-N-methyl-1-naphthalenamine hydrochloride, (carbon₁₇hydrogen₁₇nitrogenchlorine₂� hydrochloric acid). It is an odorless, white, sparingly soluble crystalline solid with a molecular weight of 342.7.

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